Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator

Information

Moving coil actuators are often called electrodynamic actuators and a proportional behaviour between force and current is expressed by a converter constant (see ConstantActuator). However, in a simple moving coil actuator as presented in this example there is an additional non-linear force component that is due to the increase of the inductance when the armature coil moves into the ferromagnetic stator. A simple PermeanceActuator can be used to describe this non-linear force component.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.ExamplesPackage (Icon for packages containing runnable examples).

Package Content

Name	Description
ForceCurrentBehaviour	Comparison of the force-current characteristics of both converter models with armature blocked at mid-position
ForceStrokeBehaviour	Force-stroke characteristic of the permeance model at constant current
ArmatureStroke	Armature stroke of both moving coil actuator models after a voltage step at time t=0
Components	Components to be used in examples

Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.ForceCurrentBehaviour

Information

Have a look at ConstantActuator and at PermeanceActuator for an explanation of both converter models.

Simulation of the force-current characteristics of both converter models with the armature blocked at mid-position x=0 reveals the difference between the two models. In the ConstantActuator, force is proportional to current. In the simple PermeanceActuator there is an additional non-linear force component that is due to the dependency of the inductance on the armature position. Comparison with FEA results validates the higher accuracy of the PermeanceActuator. In the FEA model, the relative permeability of the stator iron was set to mu_rFe=const.=1000 in order to avoid additional non-linear force components due to saturation. Simulate for 6 s and plot vs. current (e.g., iSensor.i)

    pmFixedPos.flange_b.f       // force of permeance model
    cFixedPos.flange_b.f        // force of converter constant model
    comparisonWithFEA.y[1]      // force of FEA model for comparison

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Modelica definition

model ForceCurrentBehaviour 
  "Comparison of the force-current characteristics of both converter models with armature blocked at mid-position"

  extends Modelica.Icons.Example;

  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground pmGround;
  Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.Components.PermeanceActuator
    pmActuator(x(start=0), material=
        Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Material.HardMagnetic.PlasticNdFeB()) 
    "Moving coil actuator described with permeance model";
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Fixed pmFixedPos(
                                                    s0=0) 
    "Fixed armature position";
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.RampCurrent pmRampCurrent(
    I=-6,
    duration=6,
    offset=3) "Ideal current source ";
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground cGround;
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Fixed cFixedPos(
                                                   s0=0) 
    "Fixed armature position";
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.RampCurrent cRampCurrent(
    I=-6,
    duration=6,
    offset=3) "Ideal current source ";
  Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.Components.ConstantActuator
    cActuator "Moving coil actuator described with converter constant";
  Modelica.Blocks.Tables.CombiTable1Ds comparisonWithFEA(table=[-3,-9.65653;
        -2.5,-8.28587; -2,-6.82002; -1.5,-5.25898; -1,-3.60274; -0.5,-1.85131;
        0,-0.00468; 0.5,1.93714; 1,3.97415; 1.5,6.10636; 2,8.33376; 2.5,
        10.65636; 3,13.07415]) 
    "Column 1: current, col. 2: force; mu_rFe=const.=1000 in FEA model";
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sensors.CurrentSensor iSensor 
    "Input value for look-up table with FEA results";
equation 
  connect(pmFixedPos.flange,   pmActuator.flange);
  connect(pmRampCurrent.p, pmActuator.p);
  connect(pmActuator.n, pmRampCurrent.n);
  connect(pmGround.p, pmRampCurrent.n);
  connect(cGround.p,cRampCurrent. n);
  connect(cActuator.flange,cFixedPos.flange);
  connect(cRampCurrent.n, cActuator.n);
  connect(cRampCurrent.p, iSensor.p);
  connect(cActuator.p, iSensor.n);
  connect(iSensor.i, comparisonWithFEA.u);
end ForceCurrentBehaviour;

Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.ForceStrokeBehaviour

Information

Have a look at ConstantActuator and at PermeanceActuator for an explanation of both converter models.

Simulation of the force-stroke characteristic of the PermeanceActuator with a constant current I=3A and a forced armature movement (similar to measurements in reality) shows the dependency of both force-generating permeances G_ma and G_mb as well as inductance L on armature position x. Simulate for 8 s and plot vs. armature position feedX.flange_b.s (same physical quantities together in a common diagram for comparison):

    feedX.flange_b.f            // force of permeance model (permeance of stator iron neglegted in this model)
    comparisonWithFEA.y[1]      // force of FEA model with non-linear stator iron 1.0718
    comparisonWithFEA.y[2]      // force of FEA model with mu_rFe=const.=1000
    actuator.g_ma.G_m           // permeance G_ma
    actuator.g_mb.G_m           // permeance G_mb
    actuator.L                  // inductance of permeance model
    comparisonWithFEA.y[3]      // inductance of FEA model for comparison (mu_rFe=const.=1000).

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Modelica definition

model ForceStrokeBehaviour 
  "Force-stroke characteristic of the permeance model at constant current"

  extends Modelica.Icons.Example;

  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground;
  Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.Components.PermeanceActuator
    actuator(x(start=0), material=
        Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Material.HardMagnetic.PlasticNdFeB());
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.ConstantCurrent source(I=3);
  Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Ramp sweepX(
    height=7.99e-3,
    duration=8,
    offset=-3.995e-3,
    startTime=-4);
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Sources.Position feedX(
                                                  exact=true);
  Modelica.Blocks.Tables.CombiTable1Ds comparisonWithFEA(table=[-0.004,-8.8729,
        -9.07503,0.00332; -0.0035,-9.05239,-9.25042,0.00352; -0.003,-9.1915,-9.38558,
        0.00371; -0.0025,-9.28247,-9.47266,0.0039; -0.002,-9.3587,-9.54503,
        0.00409; -0.0015,-9.41568,-9.59782,0.00429; -0.001,-9.45496,-9.6331,
        0.00448; -0.0005,-9.47427,-9.64839,0.00467; 0,-9.48639,-9.65616,0.00486;
        0.0005,-9.48623,-9.65174,0.00505; 0.001,-9.4732,-9.63435,0.00524;
        0.0015,-9.44143,-9.59825,0.00543; 0.002,-9.39915,-9.55226,0.00562;
        0.0025,-9.33166,-9.47988,0.00581; 0.003,-9.23707,-9.38112,0.006; 0.0035,
        -9.09497,-9.23417,0.00619; 0.004,-8.91839,-9.05337,0.00638]) 
    "Column 1: position, col.2: force with non-linear stator iron, col.3: force with mu_rFe=const.=1000, col.4: inductance with mu_rFe=const.=1000 ";
    
equation 
  connect(ground.p, source.n);
  connect(source.n, actuator.n);
  connect(source.p, actuator.p);
  connect(sweepX.y, feedX.s_ref);
  connect(feedX.flange,   actuator.flange);
  connect(feedX.s_ref, comparisonWithFEA.u);
end ForceStrokeBehaviour;

Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.ArmatureStroke

Information

Have a look at ConstantActuator and at PermeanceActuator for an explanation of both actuator models.

A voltage step at time t=0 is applied to both actuator models. In each model, the armature and an attached load mass perform a stroke between the two stoppers included in cActuator.armature and pmActuator.armature respectively. Simulate for 0.05 s and plot vs. time (same physical quantities together in a common diagram for comparison):

    cActuator.p.i                     // input current to converter constant model
    pmActuator.p.i                    // input current to permeance model
    cActuator.armature.flange_a.f     // actuator force of converter constant model
    pmActuator.armature.flange_a.f    // actuator force of permeance model
    cActuator.x                       // armature position of converter constant model
    pmActuator.x                      // armature position of permeance model
    cActuator.L                       // inductance of converter constant model
    pmActuator.L                      // inductance of permeance model

The initial current rise in both actuator models is due to the inductance of the actuator coil. After acceleration of the armature and the load, the current decreases due to the motion-induced back-emf. Bouncing occurs when the armatures of both models arrive at the stopper at maximum armature position. The bouncing is rather intense due to the absence of any kind of external friction in this simple example (apart from the nonlinear damping in the stopper elements). After decay of the bouncing, both actuators operate under conditions valid for a blocked armature.

Whereas the steady state current is the same in both models, the steady state actuator force is not due to the neglection of the non-linear force component in the converter constant model. Differences in the current rise of both models are due to the neglection of the coil inductance variation in the converter constant model.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Modelica definition

model ArmatureStroke 
  "Armature stroke of both moving coil actuator models after a voltage step at time t=0"

  extends Modelica.Icons.Example;

  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground pmGround;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage pmSource(
    startTime=0,
    V=pmActuator.R*1.5) "Steady state current 1.5A";
  Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.Components.PermeanceActuator
    pmActuator(material=Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Material.HardMagnetic.PlasticNdFeB(), x(
        start=pmActuator.x_min, fixed=true),
  armature(v(fixed=true)),
  coil(i(fixed=true))) "Moving coil actuator described with permeance model";
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Mass pmLoad(
                                                      m=0.05) 
    "Load to be moved in addition to the armature mass";
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground cGround;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage cSource(
    startTime=0,
    V=cActuator.R*1.5) "Steady state current 1.5A";
  Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.MovingCoilActuator.Components.ConstantActuator
    cActuator(x(start=cActuator.x_min, fixed=true), armature(v(
          fixed=true)),
  l(i(start=0, fixed=true))) 
    "Moving coil actuator described with converter constant";
  Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Mass cLoad(
                                                     m=0.05) 
    "Load to be moved in addition to the armature mass";
equation 
  connect(pmLoad.flange_a, pmActuator.flange);
  connect(cGround.p, cSource.n);
  connect(cLoad.flange_a, cActuator.flange);
  connect(cSource.p, cActuator.p);
  connect(cSource.n, cActuator.n);
  connect(pmSource.n, pmGround.p);
  connect(pmSource.n, pmActuator.n);
  connect(pmSource.p, pmActuator.p);
end ArmatureStroke;