Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler

Package with example for how to build a model for boiler with a heating load

Information

This package contains examples with step-by-step instructions for how to build a system model for a boiler with a heat load as shown in the figure below. The pressure drops of the individual flow branches and the temperatures correspond to design conditions. The heating system shall be designed to provide 20 kW, which is the load needed at -10°C outdoor temperature. This load already takes into account the heat required for air infiltration and ventilation. Using this load and the temperatures shown in the schematic drawing, the nominal mass flow rates of the individual flow branches should be computed. From 8:00 to 18:00, there is an internal heat gain of 4kW, which should not be accounted for when sizing the system.

The room volume is 180m³. To approximate the thermal storage effect of furniture and building constructions, the heat capacity of the room should be increased by a factor of three. (Modeling a detailed room heat transfer as implemented in Buildings.ThermalZones.Detailed is out of scope for this tutorial.)

The space heating shall be switched on if the outdoor temperature is below 16°C and the room temperature is below 20°C. It shall be switched off if either the outdoor temperature is above 17°C or the room temperature is above 21°C.

The model consists of

1. a room with a heating load, approximated as steady-state heat transfer with the environment,
2. a heating loop with a constant bypass and a three-way valve, which is modulated to track the room temperature set point, and
3. a boiler loop with constant mass flow rate, boiler on/off control and control valve to ensure a minimum return water temperature.

To explain the implementation of this model, the model has been created in the following stages:

1. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System1 implements the room model without any heating.
2. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System2 adds a radiator that is fed with water at a constant temperature and flow rate. The pump is switched on and off depending on the room temperature.
3. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System3 adds the boiler circuit with open loop control for the boiler and the mixing valves.
4. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4 adds closed loop control for the boiler and the pumps.
5. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5 adds closed loop control for the two valves.
6. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System6 replaces the constant outdoor temperature with weather data from a file, and changes the valve control from P-control to PI-control.
7. Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System7 replaces the boiler and pump control using a state machine.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.ExamplesPackage (Icon for packages containing runnable examples).

Package Content

Name	Description
System1	1st part of the system model, consisting of the room with heat transfer
System2	2nd part of the system model, consisting of the room with heat transfer and a radiator
System3	3rd part of the system model, which adds the boiler loop with open loop control
System4	4th part of the system model, which adds closed-loop control for the pumps and the boiler
System5	5th part of the system model, which adds closed-loop control for the valves
System6	6th part of the system model, which adds weather data and changes to PI control
System7	7th part of the system model, which implements the on/off control using a state machine

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System1

1st part of the system model, consisting of the room with heat transfer

Information

This part of the system model implements the room with a heat gain. The room is simplified as a volume of air, a prescribed heat source for the internal convective heat gain, and a heat conductor for steady-state heat conduction to the outside. To increase the heat capacity of the room, such as due to heat stored in furniture and in building constructions, the heat capacity of the room air was increased by a factor of three. The convective heat transfer coefficient is lumped into the heat conductor model.

Implementation

This section describes step by step how we implemented the model.

1. First, to define the medium properties, we added the declaration

     replaceable package MediumA =
         Buildings.Media.Air;
   

   This will allow the propagation of the medium model to all models that contain air. In this example, there is only one model with air.

   We called the medium MediumA to distinguish it from MediumW that we will use in later versions of the model for components that have water as a medium.

   We also defined the system-level parameters

     parameter Modelica.SIunits.Volume V=6*10*3 "Room volume";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mA_flow_nominal = V*1.2*6/3600
       "Nominal mass flow rate";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.HeatFlowRate QRooInt_flow = 4000
       "Internal heat gains of the room";
   

   to declare that the room volume is 180 m³, that the room has a nominal mass flow rate of 6 air changes per hour and that the internal heat gains of the room are 4000 Watts. These parameters have been declared at the top-level of the model as they will be used in several other models. Declaring them at the top-level allows to propagate them to other models, and to easily change them at one location should this be required when revising the model.

2. To model the room air, approximated as a completely mixed volume of air, an instance of Buildings.Fluid.MixingVolumes.MixingVolume has been used, as this model can be used with dry air or moist air. The medium model has been set to MediumA, and the nominal mass flow rate is set to mA_flow_nominal. The nominal mass flow rate is used for numerical reasons and should be set to the approximate order of magnitude. It only has an effect if the mass flow rate is near zero and what "near zero" means depends on the magnitude of m_flow_nominal, as it is used for the default value of the parameter m_flow_small on the Assumptions tag of the model. See also Buildings.Fluid.UsersGuide for an explanation of the purpose of m_flow_small.

3. Since we need to increase the heat capacity of the room air to approximate energy storage in furniture and building constructions, we connected the instance heaCap of Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Components.HeatCapacitor to the heat port of the room air. The model heaCap models energy storage. We set its capacity to C=2*V*1.2*1006 J/K. This will increase the total heat capacity of the room air by a factor of three.

4. We used the instance theCon of Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Components.ThermalConductor to model the thermal conductance to the ambient. Since our room should have a heat loss of 20 kW at a temperature difference of 30 Kelvin, we set the conductance to G=20000 ⁄ 30 W/K.

5. We used the instance preHea of Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sources.PrescribedHeatFlow to model a prescribed heat gain, such as due to internal heat source. This model outputs the heat gain which is equal to the value of its input signal, which is obtained from a time table.

6. To define a time-dependent heat gain, we instantiated the block Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Sources.TimeTable and set its name to timTab. We set the table parameters to

     Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Sources.TimeTable timTab(
         extrapolation=Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Types.Extrapolation.Periodic,
         smoothness=Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Types.Smoothness.ConstantSegments,
         table=[-6, 0;
                 8, QRooInt_flow;
                18, 0],
         timeScale=3600) "Time table for internal heat gain";
   

   Note that we set the output to be a periodic signal by configuring extrapolation=Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Types.Extrapolation.Periodic. The first time stamp is -6 hours in order to create a table that has a periodicity of one day. We also set the interpolation of the data to using piece-wise constant segments. See the documentation of Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Sources.TimeTable for the various options of this time table.

7. Next, we connected its output to the input of the instance preHea.

This completes the initial version of the model. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

To verify the correctness of the model, we can compare the simulated results to the following analytical solutions:

1. When the internal heat gain is zero, the room temperature should be equal to the outside temperature.

2. At steady-state when the internal heat gain is 4000 Watts, the temperature difference to the outside should be Δ T = Q̇ ⁄ UA = 4000/(20000/30) = 6 Kelvin, which corresponds to a room temperature of -4°C.

Both analytical values agree with the simulation results shown in the above figure.

An alternative validation can be done by fixing the temperature of the volume to 20°C and plotting the heat flow rate that is needed to maintain this temperature. This can be implemented by connecting an instance of Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sources.FixedTemperature as shown below.

When plotting the heat flow rate fixTemp.port.Q_flow, one can see that the required heat flow rate to keep the temperature at 20°C is 20 kW during night, and 16 kW during day when the heat gain is active.

Notes

For a more realistic model of a room, the model Buildings.ThermalZones.Detailed.MixedAir could have been used. For transient heat conduction, models from the package Buildings.HeatTransfer.Conduction could have been used.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System2

2nd part of the system model, consisting of the room with heat transfer and a radiator

Information

This part of the system model adds a radiator with a prescribed mass flow rate to the system that is implemented in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System1.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System1 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System2.

2. Since this model uses water as the medium, we declared the water medium model at the top-level of the model by adding the lines

     replaceable package MediumW =
         Buildings.Media.Water "Medium model";
   

3. To model the pump, a temperature sensor which we will need later for the control, and a flow sink, we made instances of the models Buildings.Fluid.Movers.FlowControlled_m_flow (instance pumRad for the pump that serves the radiators), Buildings.Fluid.Sensors.TemperatureTwoPort (instance temSup), Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.Radiators.RadiatorEN442_2 (instance rad), and Buildings.Fluid.Sources.Boundary_pT (instance sou and sin for the sink and source reservoirs, which will later be replace by the boiler loop).

   In all of these instances, we set the medium model to MediumW. We also made an instance of the model Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sensors.TemperatureSensor (instance temRoo) to measure the room temperature. We connected the model as shown in the figure below.

   

   Note that there are two connections from the radiator to the room volume: One connection is for the convective heat flow rate, and the other is for the radiative heat flow rate. For simplicity, we assumed that the air and radiative temperature of the room are equal. Furthermore, we simplified the model by using only one radiator instead of multiple radiators, although this radiator will be quite large as it needs to provide a heat flow rate of 20 kW.

4. Next, we computed the design mass flow rate for the radiator. According to the schematic drawing, the radiator should have at the design conditions a supply water temperature of 50°C and a return water temperature of 40°C. Thus, we define the radiator mass flow rate as

     parameter Modelica.SIunits.HeatFlowRate Q_flow_nominal = 20000
       "Nominal heat flow rate of radiator";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature TRadSup_nominal = 273.15+50
       "Radiator nominal supply water temperature";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature TRadRet_nominal = 273.15+40
       "Radiator nominal return water temperature";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mRad_flow_nominal =
       Q_flow_nominal/4200/(TRadSup_nominal-TRadRet_nominal)
       "Radiator nominal mass flow rate";
   

5. Now, we set the mass flow rate of pumRad and temSup to mRad_flow_nominal. We also set the temperature of the fluid that flows out of sou to TRadSup_nominal. We configured the parameters of the radiator model as

     Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.Radiators.RadiatorEN442_2 rad(
       redeclare package Medium = MediumW,
       energyDynamics=Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.FixedInitial,
       Q_flow_nominal=Q_flow_nominal,
       T_a_nominal=TRadSup_nominal,
       T_b_nominal=TRadRet_nominal) "Radiator";
   

   We configured the parameters of the pump model as

     Buildings.Fluid.Movers.FlowControlled_m_flow pumRad(
       redeclare package Medium = MediumW,
       energyDynamics=Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.FixedInitial,
       m_flow_nominal=mRad_flow_nominal)
       "Pump for radiator";
   

6. To enable the pump when the room temperature is below 19°C and to switch it off when the room temperature is below 21°C, we implemented the control blocks as shown in the figure below.

   

   In this control sequence, the first block is a hysteresis element, which is modeled by Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Hysteresis. It is configured as

     Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Hysteresis hysPum(
       uLow=273.15 + 19,
       uHigh=273.15 + 21)
       "Pump hysteresis";
   

   to output false when the input signal falls below 19°C, and true when the input signal raises above 21°C. Next, we send the output to the instance not1, which outputs

     y= not u
   

   to negate the signal. The output of this signal is a boolean value, but the pump input signal is the required mass flow rate. Thus, we used the block Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Conversions.BooleanToReal to convert the signal. We set the parameters of the boolean to real converter as

     Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Conversions.BooleanToReal booToReaRad(
           realTrue=mRad_flow_nominal,
           realFalse=0) "Radiator pump signal";
   

   For numerical reasons, in particular in large system models, it is recommended to continuously change the mass flow rate, as opposed to having a step change. Therefore, in the instance pumRad, we leave the parameter use_inputFilter at its default value true. This will approximate a continuous change in mass flow rate when the pump is switched on or off. Finally, we closed the control loop between the room temperature sensor and the pump input signal.

This completes the initial version of the model. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

The figure shows that the room temperature is maintained at 20°C when the internal heat gain is zero, and controlled around 19°C to 21°C when there is an internal heat gain. The temperature is slightly outside this temperature range because of the time lag that is caused by the thermal capacity of the radiator.

Notes

For a more realistic model of a room, the model Buildings.ThermalZones.Detailed.MixedAir could have been used. For transient heat conduction, models from the package Buildings.HeatTransfer.Conduction could have been used.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System3

3rd part of the system model, which adds the boiler loop with open loop control

Information

This part of the system model adds the boiler loop with open loop control to the model that is implemented in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System2.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System2 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System3.

2. Next, we deleted the sink and source models sin and sou, as these will be replaced by the boiler loop.

3. We made various instances of Buildings.Fluid.FixedResistances.Junction to model flow splitter and mixers. We also made an instance of Buildings.Fluid.Actuators.Valves.ThreeWayEqualPercentageLinear to model the three-way valves, and an instance of Buildings.Fluid.Boilers.BoilerPolynomial to model the boiler.

   Note that we also made an instance of Buildings.Fluid.Sources.Boundary_pT, which we called preSou. This is required to set a pressure reference in the water loop, which is a closed system. For medium models that expand with increasing temperature, this is also required to accumulate, and to feed back into the system, the difference in mass due to the thermal expansion of water.

4. Next, we parameterized the medium of all these components by setting it to MediumW.

   Since the nominal mass flow rate for the boiler loop is required by several models, we introduced the following system-level parameters, where TBoiRet_min will be used to avoid condensation in the boiler:

     parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature TBoiSup_nominal = 273.15+80
       "Boiler nominal supply water temperature";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature TBoiRet_min = 273.15+50
       "Boiler minimum return water temperature";
     parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mBoi_flow_nominal=
       Q_flow_nominal/4200/(TBoiSup_nominal-TBoiRet_min)
       "Boiler nominal mass flow rate";
   

Next, we set the parameters of the individual component models.

1. We lumped the pressure drop of the boiler loop into the boiler model and hence set

     Buildings.Fluid.Boilers.BoilerPolynomial boi(
       redeclare package Medium = MediumW,
       energyDynamics=Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.FixedInitial,
       m_flow_nominal=mBoi_flow_nominal,
       dp_nominal=2000,
       Q_flow_nominal=Q_flow_nominal,
       fue=Buildings.Fluid.Data.Fuels.HeatingOilLowerHeatingValue()) "Boiler";
   

2. For the three-way valve in the radiator loop, we used the default pressure drop of 6000 Pa. For its mass flow rate, we introduced the parameter

     parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mRadVal_flow_nominal=
       Q_flow_nominal/4200/(TBoiSup_nominal-TRadRet_nominal)
       "Radiator nominal mass flow rate";
   

   This allowed us to configure the valve as

     Buildings.Fluid.Actuators.Valves.ThreeWayEqualPercentageLinear valRad(
       redeclare package Medium = MediumW,
       m_flow_nominal=mRadVal_flow_nominal,
       l={0.01,0.01},
       dpValve_nominal=6000) "Three-way valve for radiator loop"
   

   where l={0.01,0.01} is a valve leakage of 1% and dpValve_nominal=6000 is the pressure drop of the valve if it is fully open and if the mass flow rate is equal to m_flow_nominal. It is recommended to set the valve leakage to a non-zero value to avoid numerical problems. A non-zero value also represent a more realistic situation, as most valves have some leakage.

3. For the bypass between the valve and the radiator, we note that the mass flow rate is equal to mRad_flow_nominal - mRadVal_flow_nominal. This is a fixed bypass that is used to allow the valve to work across its full range. We decided to lump the pressure drop of this bypass, and the pressure drop of the radiator loop, into the instance mix. Hence, its parameters are

     Buildings.Fluid.FixedResistances.Junction mix(
       redeclare package Medium =MediumW,
       energyDynamics=Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.FixedInitial,
       m_flow_nominal={mRadVal_flow_nominal,
                      -mRad_flow_nominal,
                      mRad_flow_nominal-mRadVal_flow_nominal},
       dp_nominal={100,-8000,6750}) "Mixer between valve and radiators";
   

   Note the negative values, which are used for the ports where the medium is outflowing at nominal conditions. See also the documentation of the model Buildings.Fluid.FixedResistances.Junction.

   We also set the pressure drop of port 3 of mix to the same value as the pressure drop of the valve in order to balance the flows. In practice, this can be done by using a balance valve, whose pressure drop we lumped into the component mix.

4. Next, we set the pressure drops and flow rates of all flow splitters and mixers. For the flow splitters and mixers that are connected to another flow splitter or mixer which already computes the pressure drop of the connecting flow leg, we set the nominal pressure drop to zero. This will remove the equation for the pressure drop calculation. However, we chose to still use the mixer and splitters to make sure that we properly defined the mixing points in the system.

5. Next, we connected all fluid ports, and we set open-loop control signals for the valves, pumps and boilers. This is implemented using the block Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Sources.Constant. Using open-loop signals allows testing the model prior to adding the complexity of closed loop control. To avoid that the boiler overheats, we set its control input to 0.5. Otherwise, the boiler temperature would raise quickly when the radiator pump is off, and the simulation would stop with an error message that says that its medium temperature is outside the allowed range.

This completes the initial version of the model. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

The figure shows that the room temperature is around 5°C when the internal heat gain is zero, i.e., it is at the average of the outside temperature and the room design temperature. Since the boiler control signal is 0.5, this indicates that the model is correct.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4

4th part of the system model, which adds closed-loop control for the pumps and the boiler

Information

This part of the system model adds to the model that is implemented in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System3 closed loop control for the pumps and the boiler. The control valves are still open loop control.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System3 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4.

2. Next, we added the outdoor temperature sensor senTOut, which we will use to disable the plant when the outdoor temperature is warmer than 17°C. This is implemented by the instances hysTOut and not2, whose output signal is connected to the block and1 as shown in the figure below.

   

3. Similar to the control of the radiator pump, we used a boolean to real converter, followed by a first order filter, to set the mass flow rate of the boiler pump.

4. Next, for the boiler on/off control, we use again a hysteresis block (instance hysTBoi), which we configured as

     Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Hysteresis hysTBoi(uLow=273.15 + 70,
                                                              uHigh=273.15 + 90)
       "Hysteresis for on/off of boiler";
   

   The output of the hysteresis block is sent to the instance not3, which negates its input signal. The output signal of the not3 instance is then sent to the and2 block, which ensures that the boiler is only on when the pumps are on and the temperature is below 70°C, and that the boiler is off if its temperature reaches 90°C. Therefore, the boiler control sequence is as shown below.

   

This completes the closed loop control of the boiler and the pumps. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

The figure shows that the return water temperature temRet.T is below 50°C for quite some time when the system heats up. Furthermore, the supply water temperature temSup.T is oscillating with the boiler temperature. We will fix these issues by adding closed loop control for the valves in model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5

5th part of the system model, which adds closed-loop control for the valves

Information

This part of the system model adds to the model that is implemented in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4 closed loop control for the valves.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5.

2. Next, we added closed loop control for the boiler valve as shown in the figure below.

   

   This is implemented using the constant block Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Sources.Constant for the set point, the PID controller with output limitation Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.LimPID. We configured the controller as

     Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.LimPID conPIDBoi(
       controllerType=Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Types.SimpleController.P,
       k=0.1,
       Ti=120,
       Td=1,
       reverseAction=true) "Controller for valve in boiler loop";
   

   We set the proportional band to 10 Kelvin, hence k=0.1. We set the integral time constant to 120 seconds, which is the same time as is required to open or close the valve. These settings turn out to give satisfactory closed loop control performance. Otherwise, we would need to retune the controller, which is usually easiest by configuring the controller as a P-controller, then tuning the proportional gain, and finally changing it to a PI-controller and tuning the integral time constant.

   Note that we also set reverseAction=true because if the control error, e.g., the difference between set point and measured temperature, is positive, the valve needs to close (y=0) because in this condition, the boiler inlet temperature is not yet high enough. Once it is high enough, the control error will be negative and the valve can open.

3. The valve control for the radiator loop is implemented similar to the boiler loop, with the exception that the setpoint is computed using the model Buildings.Controls.OBC.CDL.Continuous.Line to implement a set point that shifts as a function of the room temperature. This instance is called TSetSup in the control sequence shown in the figure below, and takes as an input the room temperature, and the points for the (x₁, f₁) and (x₂, f₂) coordinates through which the setpoint goes.

   

This completes the closed loop control. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

The figure shows that the return water temperature temRet.T quickly raises to 50°C and the supply water temperature temSup.T has smaller oscillations compared to Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System4.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System6

6th part of the system model, which adds weather data and changes to PI control

Information

This part of the system model adds to the model that is implemented in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5 weather data, and it changes the control to PI control.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System5 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System6.

2. Next, we added the weather data as shown in the figure below.

   

   The weather data reader is implemented using

     BoundaryConditions.WeatherData.ReaderTMY3 weaDat(
       filNam="modelica://Buildings/Resources/weatherdata/USA_IL_Chicago-OHare.Intl.AP.725300_TMY3.mos")
       "Weather data reader";
   

   The yellow icon in the middle of the figure is an instance of Buildings.BoundaryConditions.WeatherData.Bus. This is required to extract the dry bulb temperature from the weather data bus.

   Note that we changed the instance TOut from Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sources.FixedTemperature to Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sources.PrescribedTemperature in order to use the dry-bulb temperature as an input signal.

This completes the closed loop control. When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

The figure shows that the boiler temperature is regulated between 70°C and 90°C, that the boiler inlet temperature is above 60°C, and that the room temperature and the supply water temperature are maintained at their set point.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition

Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System7

7th part of the system model, which implements the on/off control using a state machine

Information

This part of the system model changes the implementation of the control in Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System6 to use a state machine to switch the pumps and the boiler on and off. State machines provide an alternate way to implement discrete event, reactive and hybrid systems. The state machine that is implemented in this model is shown in the figure below.

In the figure above, the ovals depict states, and the arrows are transitions between the states. The transitions fire when the conditions are true.

Implementation

This model was built as follows:

1. First, we copied the model Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System6 and called it Buildings.Examples.Tutorial.Boiler.System7.

2. We implemented the state machine using blocks from the library Modelica.StateGraph. How to use these blocks is explained in Modelica.StateGraph.UsersGuide.

   The figure below shows the state machine. The square icons are states, and the black bars are transitions. The initial state is indicated by the double frame. The transitions are enabled when their input signal is true. The numbers to the right of the transition indicate the delay in seconds. If a delay is present, the input needs to be true during the entire duration of the delay for a transition to fire. The active state is rendered green. Some states have a Boolean output signal that is used to switch components such as the pumps and the boiler on or off.

   

   In our implementation, the state allOff is the initial state, indicated by its double frame. The transition T1 is used to switch the pumps on. Once the pumpsOn state is active, there are two alternate paths. Either transition T2 may fire, which would switch the boiler on, or T4 may fire, which would return to the allOff state. Hence, the boiler can only be on when the pumps are on. From the state boilerOn, the only next step can be to transition to the state pumpsOn. Note that the transitions T3 and T4 only fire when their input is true for the entire duration of 10 seconds. Hence, the pumps and the boiler must run for at least 10 seconds before they can be switched off.

When simulating the model for 2 days, or 172800 seconds, the response shown below should be seen.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Example (Icon for runnable examples).

Parameters

Connectors

Modelica definition