Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses

Information

Extends from Modelica.Fluid.Icons.BaseClassLibrary (Icon for library).

Package Content

Name	Description
CoilHeader	Header for a heat exchanger register
CoilRegister	Register for a heat exchanger
DuctManifoldFixedResistance	Manifold for a heat exchanger air duct connection
DuctManifoldNoResistance	Duct manifold without resistance
HADryCoil	Sensible convective heat transfer model for air to water coil
HexElement	Element of a heat exchanger
MassExchange	Block to compute the latent heat transfer based on the Lewis number
PartialDuctManifold	Partial manifold for heat exchanger duct connection
PartialDuctPipeManifold	Partial heat exchanger duct and pipe manifold
PartialPipeManifold	Partial pipe manifold for a heat exchanger
PipeManifoldFixedResistance	Pipe manifold for a heat exchanger connection
PipeManifoldNoResistance	Manifold for heat exchanger register
ConstantEffectiveness	Heat exchanger with constant effectiveness
Examples	Collection of models that illustrate model use and test models

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.CoilHeader

Information

Header for a heat exchanger coil.

This model connects the flow between its ports without modeling flow friction. Currently, the ports are connected without redistributing the flow. In latter versions, the model may be changed to define different flow reroutings in the coil header.

Extends from Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon (Base icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a[nPipPar]	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

model CoilHeader "Header for a heat exchanger register"
  extends Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon;

  outer Modelica.Fluid.System system "System wide properties";

  replaceable package Medium = 
      Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium "Medium in the component";
  parameter Boolean allowFlowReversal = system.allowFlowReversal 
    "= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)";

  parameter Integer nPipPar(min=1) "Number of parallel pipes in each register";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mStart_flow_a 
    "Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a";

  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_a port_a[nPipPar](
        redeclare each final package Medium = Medium,
        each m_flow(start=mStart_flow_a/nPipPar, min=if allowFlowReversal then -Modelica.Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    

  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_b port_b[nPipPar](
        redeclare each final package Medium = Medium,
        each m_flow(start=-mStart_flow_a/nPipPar, max=if allowFlowReversal then +Modelica.Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    

equation 
  connect(port_a, port_b);
end CoilHeader;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.CoilRegister

Information

Register of a heat exchanger with dynamics on the fluids and the solid. The register represents one array of pipes that are perpendicular to the air stream. The hA value for both fluids is an input. The driving force for the heat transfer is the temperature difference between the fluid volumes and the solid in each heat exchanger element.

Extends from Buildings.Fluid.Interfaces.FourPortFlowResistanceParameters (Parameters for flow resistance for models with four ports).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Integer	nPipPar	2	Number of parallel pipes in each register
Integer	nPipSeg	3	Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization
Boolean	allowCondensation	true	Set to false to compute sensible heat transfer only
Nominal condition
Pressure	dp1_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Pressure	dp2_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
ThermalConductance	UA_nominal		Thermal conductance at nominal flow, used to compute time constant [W/K]
MassFlowRate	m1_flow_nominal		Mass flow rate medim 1 [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow_nominal		Mass flow rate medium 2 [kg/s]
Time	tau1	20	Time constant at nominal flow for medium 1 [s]
Time	tau2	1	Time constant at nominal flow for medium 2 [s]
Time	tau_m	60	Time constant of metal at nominal UA value [s]
Fluid 1
Boolean	steadyState_1	false	Set to true for steady state model for fluid 1
Fluid 2
Boolean	steadyState_2	false	Set to true for steady state model for fluid 2
Flow resistance
Medium 1
Boolean	computeFlowResistance1	true	=true, compute flow resistance. Set to false to assume no friction
Boolean	from_dp1	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance1	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM1	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar
Medium 2
Boolean	computeFlowResistance2	true	=true, compute flow resistance. Set to false to assume no friction
Boolean	from_dp2	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance2	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM2	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal1	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 1, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Boolean	allowFlowReversal2	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 2, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Dynamics
Dynamics	energyDynamics1	Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamic...	Default formulation of energy balances for volume 1
Dynamics	energyDynamics2	Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamic...	Default formulation of energy balances for volume 2

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a1[nPipPar]	Fluid connector a for medium 1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)
FluidPort_b	port_b1[nPipPar]	Fluid connector b for medium 1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_a	port_a2[nPipPar, nPipSeg]	Fluid connector a for medium 2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)
FluidPort_b	port_b2[nPipPar, nPipSeg]	Fluid connector b for medium 2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
input RealInput	Gc_2	Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 2 in [W/K]
input RealInput	Gc_1	Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 1 in [W/K]

Modelica definition

model CoilRegister "Register for a heat exchanger"
  import Modelica.Constants;
  extends Buildings.Fluid.Interfaces.FourPortFlowResistanceParameters(
     final computeFlowResistance1=true, final computeFlowResistance2=true);
  replaceable package Medium1 = 
      Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium "Medium 1 in the component";
  replaceable package Medium2 = 
      Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium "Medium 2 in the component";
  outer Modelica.Fluid.System system "System wide properties";

  parameter Boolean allowFlowReversal1 = system.allowFlowReversal 
    "= true to allow flow reversal in medium 1, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)";
  parameter Boolean allowFlowReversal2 = system.allowFlowReversal 
    "= true to allow flow reversal in medium 2, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)";

  parameter Integer nPipPar(min=1)=2 
    "Number of parallel pipes in each register";
  parameter Integer nPipSeg(min=1)=3 
    "Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization";
  final parameter Integer nEle = nPipPar * nPipSeg 
    "Number of heat exchanger elements";

  Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.HexElement[
                      nPipPar, nPipSeg] ele(
    redeclare each package Medium1 = Medium1,
    redeclare each package Medium2 = Medium2,
    each allowFlowReversal1=allowFlowReversal1,
    each allowFlowReversal2=allowFlowReversal2,
    each tau1=tau1/nPipSeg,
    each m1_flow_nominal=m1_flow_nominal/nPipPar,
    each tau2=tau2,
    each m2_flow_nominal=m2_flow_nominal/nPipPar/nPipSeg,
    each tau_m=tau_m,
    each UA_nominal=UA_nominal/nPipPar/nPipSeg,
    each energyDynamics1=energyDynamics1,
    each energyDynamics2=energyDynamics2,
    each allowCondensation=allowCondensation,
    each from_dp1=from_dp1,
    each linearizeFlowResistance1=linearizeFlowResistance1,
    each deltaM1=deltaM1,
    each from_dp2=from_dp2,
    each linearizeFlowResistance2=linearizeFlowResistance2,
    each deltaM2=deltaM2,
    each dp1_nominal=dp1_nominal,
    each dp2_nominal=dp2_nominal) "Element of a heat exchanger";

  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_a[nPipPar] port_a1(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium1,
        each m_flow(start=0, min=if allowFlowReversal1 then -Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector a for medium 1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)";
  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_b[nPipPar] port_b1(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium1,
        each m_flow(start=0, max=if allowFlowReversal1 then +Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector b for medium 1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_a[nPipPar,nPipSeg] port_a2(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium2,
        each m_flow(start=0, min=if allowFlowReversal2 then -Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector a for medium 2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)";
  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_b[nPipPar,nPipSeg] port_b2(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium2,
        each m_flow(start=0, max=if allowFlowReversal2 then +Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector b for medium 2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance UA_nominal 
    "Thermal conductance at nominal flow, used to compute time constant";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m1_flow_nominal 
    "Mass flow rate medim 1";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m2_flow_nominal 
    "Mass flow rate medium 2";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time tau1=20 
    "Time constant at nominal flow for medium 1";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time tau2=1 
    "Time constant at nominal flow for medium 2";
  parameter Boolean steadyState_1=false 
    "Set to true for steady state model for fluid 1";
  parameter Boolean steadyState_2=false 
    "Set to true for steady state model for fluid 2";
  Modelica.SIunits.HeatFlowRate Q1_flow 
    "Heat transfered from solid into medium 1";
  Modelica.SIunits.HeatFlowRate Q2_flow 
    "Heat transfered from solid into medium 2";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time tau_m=60 
    "Time constant of metal at nominal UA value";
  parameter Boolean allowCondensation = true 
    "Set to false to compute sensible heat transfer only";
  parameter Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics energyDynamics1=
    Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.DynamicFreeInitial 
    "Default formulation of energy balances for volume 1";
  parameter Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics energyDynamics2=
    Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.DynamicFreeInitial 
    "Default formulation of energy balances for volume 2";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Gc_2 
    "Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 2 in [W/K]";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Gc_1 
    "Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 1 in [W/K]";
protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Gain gai_1(k=1/nEle) 
    "Gain medium-side 1 to take discretization into account";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Gain gai_2(k=1/nEle) 
    "Gain medium-side 2 to take discretization into account";
equation 
  Q1_flow = sum(ele[i,j].Q1_flow for i in 1:nPipPar, j in 1:nPipSeg);
  Q2_flow = sum(ele[i,j].Q2_flow for i in 1:nPipPar, j in 1:nPipSeg);
  for i in 1:nPipPar loop
    // liquid side (pipes)
    connect(ele[i,1].port_a1,       port_a1[i]);
    connect(ele[i,nPipSeg].port_b1, port_b1[i]);
    for j in 1:nPipSeg-1 loop
      connect(ele[i,j].port_b1, ele[i,j+1].port_a1);
    end for;
    // gas side (duct)                                                                                      //water connections
    for j in 1:nPipSeg loop
      connect(ele[i,j].port_a2, port_a2[i,j]);
      connect(ele[i,j].port_b2, port_b2[i,j]);
    end for;
  end for;

  connect(Gc_1, gai_1.u);
  connect(Gc_2, gai_2.u);
  for i in 1:nPipPar loop

     for j in 1:nPipSeg loop
      connect(gai_1.y, ele[i,j].Gc_1);
      connect(gai_2.y, ele[i,j].Gc_2);
     end for;
  end for;

end CoilRegister;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.DuctManifoldFixedResistance

Information

Duct manifold with a fixed flow resistance.

This model causes the flow to be distributed equally into each flow path by using a fixed flow resistance for each flow path.

Extends from PartialDuctManifold (Partial manifold for heat exchanger duct connection).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Integer	nPipSeg		Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization
Boolean	use_dh	false	Set to true to specify hydraulic diameter
Length	dh	1	Hydraulic diameter of duct [m]
Real	ReC	4000	Reynolds number where transition to turbulent starts
Real	deltaM	0.3	Fraction of nominal mass flow rate where transition to turbulent occurs
Length	dl	0.3	Length of mixing volume [m]
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Nominal Condition
MassFlowRate	m_flow_nominal		Mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Pressure	dp_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Dynamics
Dynamics	energyDynamics	Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamic...	Default formulation of energy balances for volume
Advanced
Boolean	linearized	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Boolean	from_dp	false	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar, nPipSeg]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

model DuctManifoldFixedResistance 
  "Manifold for a heat exchanger air duct connection"
  extends PartialDuctManifold;


  parameter Boolean use_dh = false "Set to true to specify hydraulic diameter";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m_flow_nominal 
    "Mass flow rate at port_a";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Pressure dp_nominal(min=0) "Pressure";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Length dh=1 "Hydraulic diameter of duct";
  parameter Real ReC=4000 
    "Reynolds number where transition to turbulent starts";
  parameter Boolean linearized = false 
    "= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate";
  parameter Real deltaM(min=0) = 0.3 
    "Fraction of nominal mass flow rate where transition to turbulent occurs";
  parameter Boolean from_dp = false 
    "= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)";

  Fluid.FixedResistances.FixedResistanceDpM[nPipPar,nPipSeg] fixRes(
    redeclare each package Medium = Medium,
    each m_flow_nominal=m_flow_nominal/nPipPar/nPipSeg,
    each m_flow(start=mStart_flow_a/nPipPar/nPipSeg),
    each dp_nominal=dp_nominal,
    each dh=dh/sqrt(nPipPar*nPipSeg),
    each from_dp=from_dp,
    each deltaM=deltaM,
    each ReC=ReC,
    each use_dh=use_dh,
    each linearized=linearized) "Fixed resistance for each duct";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Length dl = 0.3 "Length of mixing volume";
  Fluid.MixingVolumes.MixingVolume vol(redeclare package Medium = Medium,
    final V=dh*dh*dl,
    final nPorts=1+nPipPar*nPipSeg,
    final energyDynamics=energyDynamics,
    final massDynamics=energyDynamics);
  parameter Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics energyDynamics=
    Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.DynamicFreeInitial 
    "Default formulation of energy balances for volume";
equation 
  for i in 1:nPipPar loop
    for j in 1:nPipSeg loop
      connect(vol.ports[1+(i-1)*nPipSeg+j], fixRes[i, j].port_a);
    end for;
  end for;

  connect(port_a, vol.ports[1]);
  connect(fixRes.port_b, port_b);
end DuctManifoldFixedResistance;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.DuctManifoldNoResistance

Information

Duct manifold without flow resistance.

This model connects the flows between the ports without modeling flow friction. The model is used in conjunction with a manifold which contains pressure drop elements and that is added to the other side of the heat exchanger registers.

Extends from PartialDuctManifold (Partial manifold for heat exchanger duct connection).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Integer	nPipSeg		Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar, nPipSeg]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

model DuctManifoldNoResistance "Duct manifold without resistance"
  extends PartialDuctManifold;

equation 
  for i in 1:nPipPar loop
    for j in 1:nPipSeg loop
    connect(port_a, port_b[i, j]);
    end for;
  end for;
end DuctManifoldNoResistance;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.HADryCoil

Information

Model for sensible convective heat transfer coefficients for an air to water coil.

This model computes the convective heat transfer coefficient for an air to water coil. The parameters allow a user to enable or disable, individually for each medium, the mass flow and/or the temperature dependence of the convective heat transfer coefficients. For a detailed explanation of the equation, see the references below.

References

• Wetter Michael, Simulation model finned water-air-coil without condensation, LBNL-42355, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1999.
• Wetter Michael, Simulation model air-to-air plate heat exchanger, LBNL-42354, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 1999.

Extends from Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon (Base icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	r	0.5	Ratio between air-side and water-side convective heat transfer coefficient
Real	n_w	0.85	Water-side exponent for convective heat transfer coefficient, h~m_flow^n
Real	n_a	0.8	Air-side exponent for convective heat transfer coefficient, h~m_flow^n
Nominal condition
ThermalConductance	UA_nominal		Thermal conductance at nominal flow [W/K]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_nominal_w		Water mass flow rate [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_nominal_a		Air mass flow rate [kg/s]
ThermalConductance	hA_nominal_w	UA_nominal*(r + 1)/r	Water side convective heat transfer coefficient [W/K]
ThermalConductance	hA_nominal_a	r*hA_nominal_w	Air side convective heat transfer coefficient, including fin resistance [W/K]
Temperature	T0_w	Modelica.SIunits.Conversions...	Water temperature [K]
Temperature	T0_a	Modelica.SIunits.Conversions...	Air temperature [K]
Advanced
Modeling detail
Boolean	waterSideFlowDependent	true	Set to false to make water-side hA independent of mass flow rate
Boolean	airSideFlowDependent	true	Set to false to make air-side hA independent of mass flow rate
Boolean	waterSideTemperatureDependent	true	Set to false to make water-side hA independent of temperature
Boolean	airSideTemperatureDependent	true	Set to false to make air-side hA independent of temperature

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	m1_flow	Mass flow rate medium 1
input RealInput	m2_flow	Mass flow rate medium 2
input RealInput	T_1	Temperature medium 1
input RealInput	T_2	Temperature medium 2
output RealOutput	hA_1	Convective heat transfer medium 1
output RealOutput	hA_2	Convective heat transfer medium 2

Modelica definition

model HADryCoil 
  "Sensible convective heat transfer model for air to water coil"
  extends Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance UA_nominal(min=0) 
    "Thermal conductance at nominal flow";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m_flow_nominal_w 
    "Water mass flow rate";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m_flow_nominal_a "Air mass flow rate";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput m1_flow "Mass flow rate medium 1";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput m2_flow "Mass flow rate medium 2";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput T_1 "Temperature medium 1";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput T_2 "Temperature medium 2";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput hA_1 
    "Convective heat transfer medium 1";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput hA_2 
    "Convective heat transfer medium 2";


  parameter Real r(min=0, max=1)=0.5 
    "Ratio between air-side and water-side convective heat transfer coefficient";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance hA_nominal_w(min=0)=UA_nominal * (r+1)/r 
    "Water side convective heat transfer coefficient";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance hA_nominal_a(min=0)=r * hA_nominal_w 
    "Air side convective heat transfer coefficient, including fin resistance";
  parameter Real n_w(min=0, max=1)=0.85 
    "Water-side exponent for convective heat transfer coefficient, h~m_flow^n";
  parameter Real n_a(min=0, max=1)=0.8 
    "Air-side exponent for convective heat transfer coefficient, h~m_flow^n";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature T0_w=
          Modelica.SIunits.Conversions.from_degC(20) "Water temperature";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Temperature T0_a=
          Modelica.SIunits.Conversions.from_degC(20) "Air temperature";
  parameter Boolean waterSideFlowDependent = true 
    "Set to false to make water-side hA independent of mass flow rate";
  parameter Boolean airSideFlowDependent = true 
    "Set to false to make air-side hA independent of mass flow rate";
  parameter Boolean waterSideTemperatureDependent = true 
    "Set to false to make water-side hA independent of temperature";
  parameter Boolean airSideTemperatureDependent = true 
    "Set to false to make air-side hA independent of temperature";
protected 
  Real x_a(min=0) 
    "Factor for air side temperature dependent variation of heat transfer coefficient";
  Real x_w(min=0) 
    "Factor for water side temperature dependent variation of heat transfer coefficient";
  Real s_w(min=0, nominal=0.01) 
    "Coefficient for temperature dependence of water side heat transfer coefficient";
  Real fm_w "Fraction of actual to nominal mass flow rate";
  Real fm_a "Fraction of actual to nominal mass flow rate";
equation 
  fm_w = if waterSideFlowDependent then 
              m1_flow / m_flow_nominal_w else 1;
  fm_a = if airSideFlowDependent then 
              m2_flow / m_flow_nominal_a else 1;
  s_w =  if waterSideTemperatureDependent then 
            0.014/(1+0.014*Modelica.SIunits.Conversions.to_degC(T_1)) else 
              1;
  x_w = if waterSideTemperatureDependent then 
         1 + s_w * (T_1-T0_w) else 
              1;
  x_a = if airSideTemperatureDependent then 
         1 + 4.769E-3 * (T_2-T0_a) else 
              1;
  if ( waterSideFlowDependent == true) then
    hA_1 = x_w * hA_nominal_w
               * Buildings.Utilities.Math.Functions.regNonZeroPower(fm_w, n_w, 0.1);
  else
    hA_1 = x_w * hA_nominal_w;
  end if;

  if ( airSideFlowDependent == true) then
    hA_2 = x_a * hA_nominal_a
               * Buildings.Utilities.Math.Functions.regNonZeroPower(fm_a, n_a, 0.1);
  else
    hA_2 = x_a * hA_nominal_a;
  end if;
end HADryCoil;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.HexElement

Information

Element of a heat exchanger with dynamics on the fluids and the solid. The hA value for both fluids is an input. The driving force for the heat transfer is the temperature difference between the fluid volumes and the solid.

The heat capacity C of the metal is assigned as follows. Suppose the metal temperature is governed by

     dT
  C ---- = hA_1 (T_1 - T) + hA_2 (T_2 - T)
     dt

     dT
  C ---- = 2 UA_nominal ( (T_1 - T) + (T_2 - T) )
     dt

Extends from Buildings.Fluid.Interfaces.PartialDynamicFourPortTransformer (Partial model transporting two fluid streams between four ports with storing mass or energy).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium1		PartialMedium	Medium 1 in the component
replaceable package Medium2		PartialMedium	Medium 2 in the component
HeatCapacity	C	2*UA_nominal*tau_m	Heat capacity of metal (= cp*m) [J/K]
Boolean	allowCondensation	true	Set to false to compute sensible heat transfer only
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m1_flow_nominal		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow_nominal	m1_flow_nominal	Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Pressure	dp1_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Pressure	dp2_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Time	tau1	60	Time constant at nominal flow [s]
Time	tau2	60	Time constant at nominal flow [s]
ThermalConductance	UA_nominal		Thermal conductance at nominal flow, used to compute time constant [W/K]
Time	tau_m	60	Time constant of metal at nominal UA value [s]
Initialization
MassFlowRate	m1_flow.start	0	Mass flow rate from port_a1 to port_b1 (m1_flow > 0 is design flow direction) [kg/s]
Pressure	dp1.start	0	Pressure difference between port_a1 and port_b1 [Pa]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow.start	0	Mass flow rate from port_a2 to port_b2 (m2_flow > 0 is design flow direction) [kg/s]
Pressure	dp2.start	0	Pressure difference between port_a2 and port_b2 [Pa]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal1	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 1, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Boolean	allowFlowReversal2	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 2, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Dynamics
Dynamics	energyDynamics1	Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamic...	Default formulation of energy balances for volume 1
Dynamics	energyDynamics2	Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamic...	Default formulation of energy balances for volume 2
Advanced
MassFlowRate	m1_flow_small	1E-4*m1_flow_nominal	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow_small	1E-4*m2_flow_nominal	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
Diagnostics
Boolean	show_V_flow	false	= true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed
Initialization
AbsolutePressure	p_a1_start	system.p_start	Guess value for inlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_b1_start	p_a1_start	Guess value for outlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_a2_start	system.p_start	Guess value for inlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_b2_start	p_a2_start	Guess value for outlet pressure [Pa]
Flow resistance
Medium 1
Boolean	from_dp1	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance1	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM1	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar
Medium 2
Boolean	from_dp2	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance2	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM2	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a1	Fluid connector a1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)
FluidPort_b	port_b1	Fluid connector b1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)
FluidPort_a	port_a2	Fluid connector a2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)
FluidPort_b	port_b2	Fluid connector b2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)
input RealInput	Gc_1	Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 1 in [W/K]
input RealInput	Gc_2	Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 2 in [W/K]

Modelica definition

model HexElement "Element of a heat exchanger"
  extends Buildings.Fluid.Interfaces.PartialDynamicFourPortTransformer(
    vol1(redeclare package Medium = Medium1,
          V=m1_flow_nominal*tau1/rho1_nominal,
          nPorts=2,
          final energyDynamics=energyDynamics1,
          final massDynamics=energyDynamics1),
    vol2(redeclare package Medium = Medium2,
          nPorts = 2,
          V=m2_flow_nominal*tau2/rho2_nominal,
          final energyDynamics=energyDynamics2,
          final massDynamics=energyDynamics2));
  // Note that we MUST declare the value of vol2.V here.
  // Otherwise, if the class of vol2 is redeclared at a higher level,
  // it will overwrite the assignment of V in the base class
  // PartialDynamicFourPortTransformer, which will cause V=0.
  // Assigning the values for vol1 here is optional, but we added
  // it to be consistent in the implementation of vol1 and vol2.

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance UA_nominal 
    "Thermal conductance at nominal flow, used to compute time constant";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time tau_m(min=0) = 60 
    "Time constant of metal at nominal UA value";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.HeatCapacity C=2*UA_nominal*tau_m 
    "Heat capacity of metal (= cp*m)";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Gc_1 
    "Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 1 in [W/K]";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Gc_2 
    "Signal representing the convective thermal conductance medium 2 in [W/K]";

  parameter Boolean allowCondensation = true 
    "Set to false to compute sensible heat transfer only";

  MassExchange masExc(
       redeclare package Medium = Medium2) if allowCondensation 
    "Model for mass exchange";

  parameter Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics energyDynamics1=
    Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.DynamicFreeInitial 
    "Default formulation of energy balances for volume 1";
  parameter Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics energyDynamics2=
    Modelica.Fluid.Types.Dynamics.DynamicFreeInitial 
    "Default formulation of energy balances for volume 2";

  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Components.HeatCapacitor mas(
                                                  C=C, T(stateSelect=StateSelect.always)) 
    "Mass of metal";
  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Components.Convection con1(dT(min=-200)) 
    "Convection (and conduction) on fluid side 1";
  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Components.Convection con2(dT(min=-200)) 
    "Convection (and conduction) on fluid side 2";
  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sensors.TemperatureSensor temSen(
    T(final quantity="ThermodynamicTemperature",
      final unit = "K", displayUnit = "degC", min=0)) 
    "Temperature sensor of metal";
  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sensors.HeatFlowSensor heaFloSen_1 
    "Heat input into fluid 1";
  Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Sensors.HeatFlowSensor heaFloSen_2 
    "Heat input into fluid 1";
equation 
  connect(Gc_1, con1.Gc);
  connect(Gc_2, con2.Gc);
  connect(temSen.T, masExc.TSur);
  connect(Gc_2, masExc.Gc);
  connect(masExc.mWat_flow, vol2.mWat_flow);
  connect(masExc.TLiq, vol2.TWat);
  connect(vol2.XWat, masExc.XInf);
  connect(con1.solid,mas. port);
  connect(con2.solid,mas. port);
  connect(mas.port,temSen. port);
  connect(con1.fluid,heaFloSen_1. port_a);
  connect(con2.fluid,heaFloSen_2. port_a);
  connect(heaFloSen_1.port_b, vol1.heatPort);
  connect(heaFloSen_2.port_b, vol2.heatPort);
end HexElement;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.MassExchange

Information

This model computes the mass transfer based on similarity laws between the convective sensible heat transfer coefficient and the mass transfer coefficient.

Using the Lewis number which is defined as the ratio between the heat and mass diffusion coefficients, one can obtain the ratio between convection heat transfer coefficient h in (W/(m^2*K)) and mass transfer coefficient h_m in (m/s) as follows:

  h
 --- = rho * c_p * Le^(1-n),
 h_m

  n_A = (Gc) / c_p / Le^(1-n) * (X_s - X_inf),

Extends from Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon (Base icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	Le	1	Lewis number (around 1 for water vapor in air)
Real	n	1/3	Exponent in bondary layer ratio, delta/delta_t = Pr^n

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	XInf	Water mass fraction of medium
input RealInput	TSur	Surface temperature [K]
output RealOutput	mWat_flow	Water flow rate [kg/s]
output RealOutput	TLiq	Temperature at which condensate drains from system [K]
input RealInput	Gc	Signal representing the convective (sensible) thermal conductance in [W/K]

Modelica definition

model MassExchange 
  "Block to compute the latent heat transfer based on the Lewis number"
  import Buildings;
  extends Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon;
  replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium 
    "Fluid medium model";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput XInf "Water mass fraction of medium";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput TSur(final quantity="ThermodynamicTemperature",
                                            final unit = "K", displayUnit = "degC", min=0) 
    "Surface temperature";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput mWat_flow(final unit = "kg/s") 
    "Water flow rate";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput TLiq(final quantity="ThermodynamicTemperature",
                                             final unit = "K", displayUnit = "degC", min=0) 
    "Temperature at which condensate drains from system";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput Gc 
    "Signal representing the convective (sensible) thermal conductance in [W/K]";
  parameter Real Le = 1 "Lewis number (around 1 for water vapor in air)";
  parameter Real n = 1/3 
    "Exponent in bondary layer ratio, delta/delta_t = Pr^n";
public 
  Buildings.Utilities.Psychrometrics.HumidityRatio_pWat humRatPre(use_p_in=
        false) "Model to convert water vapor pressure into humidity ratio";
  Buildings.Utilities.Psychrometrics.DewPointTemperature_pWat TDewPoi 
    "Model to compute the water vapor pressure at the dew point";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Gain gain(k=1/cpLe) 
    "Constant to convert from heat transfer to mass transfer";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Product mWat "Water flow rate";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Min min;
  Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Constant zero(k=0) "Constant for zero";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Add delX(k2=-1, k1=1) "Humidity difference";
protected 
 parameter Medium.ThermodynamicState sta0 = Medium.setState_phX(h=Medium.h_default,
       p=Medium.p_default, X=Medium.X_default);
 parameter Modelica.SIunits.SpecificHeatCapacity cp=Medium.specificHeatCapacityCp(sta0) 
    "Density, used to compute fluid volume";
 parameter Real cpLe(unit="J/(kg.K)") = cp * Le^(1-n);
equation 
  connect(TSur, TDewPoi.T);
  connect(TDewPoi.p_w, humRatPre.p_w);
  connect(TSur, TLiq);
  connect(Gc, gain.u);
  connect(gain.y, mWat.u2);
  connect(mWat.y, mWat_flow);
  connect(zero.y,min. u1);
  connect(delX.u2,XInf);
  connect(humRatPre.XWat, delX.u1);
  connect(delX.y, min.u2);
  connect(min.y, mWat.u1);
end MassExchange;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.PartialDuctManifold

Information

Partial duct manifold for a heat exchanger.

This model defines the duct connection to a heat exchanger. It is extended by other models that model the flow connection between the ports with and without flow friction.

Extends from PartialDuctPipeManifold (Partial heat exchanger duct and pipe manifold).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Integer	nPipSeg		Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar, nPipSeg]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialDuctManifold 
  "Partial manifold for heat exchanger duct connection"
  extends PartialDuctPipeManifold;
  parameter Integer nPipSeg(min=1) 
    "Number of pipe segments per register used for discretization";

  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_b[nPipPar,nPipSeg] port_b(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium,
        each m_flow(start=-mStart_flow_a/nPipSeg/nPipPar,
             max=if allowFlowReversal then +Modelica.Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    
end PartialDuctManifold;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.PartialDuctPipeManifold

Information

Partial heat exchanger manifold. This partial model defines ports and parameters that are used for air-side and water-side heat exchanger manifolds.

Extends from Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon (Base icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialDuctPipeManifold 
  "Partial heat exchanger duct and pipe manifold"
  extends Buildings.BaseClasses.BaseIcon;

  outer Modelica.Fluid.System system "System wide properties";

  replaceable package Medium = 
      Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium "Medium in the component";

  parameter Boolean allowFlowReversal = system.allowFlowReversal 
    "= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)";

  parameter Integer nPipPar(min=1) "Number of parallel pipes in each register";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate mStart_flow_a 
    "Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a";

  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_a port_a(
        redeclare package Medium = Medium,
        m_flow(start=mStart_flow_a, min=if allowFlowReversal then -Modelica.Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    
end PartialDuctPipeManifold;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.PartialPipeManifold

Information

Partial pipe manifold for a heat exchanger.

This model defines the pipe connection to a heat exchanger. It is extended by other models that model the flow connection between the ports with and without flow friction.

Extends from PartialDuctPipeManifold (Partial heat exchanger duct and pipe manifold).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialPipeManifold 
  "Partial pipe manifold for a heat exchanger"
  extends PartialDuctPipeManifold;
  Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces.FluidPort_b[nPipPar] port_b(
        redeclare each package Medium = Medium,
        each m_flow(start=-mStart_flow_a/nPipPar, max=if allowFlowReversal then +Modelica.Constants.inf else 0)) 
    "Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)";
    
end PartialPipeManifold;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.PipeManifoldFixedResistance

Information

Pipe manifold with a fixed flow resistance.

This model causes the flow to be distributed equally into each flow path by using a fixed flow resistance for each flow path.

Extends from PartialPipeManifold (Partial pipe manifold for a heat exchanger).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Boolean	use_dh	false	Set to true to specify hydraulic diameter
Length	dh	0.025	Hydraulic diameter for each pipe [m]
Real	ReC	4000	Reynolds number where transition to turbulent starts
Real	deltaM	0.3	Fraction of nominal mass flow rate where transition to turbulent occurs
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Nominal Condition
MassFlowRate	m_flow_nominal		Mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Pressure	dp_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Advanced
Boolean	linearized	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Boolean	from_dp	false	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

model PipeManifoldFixedResistance 
  "Pipe manifold for a heat exchanger connection"
  extends PartialPipeManifold;

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m_flow_nominal 
    "Mass flow rate at port_a";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Pressure dp_nominal(min=0) "Pressure";

  parameter Boolean use_dh = false "Set to true to specify hydraulic diameter";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Length dh=0.025 "Hydraulic diameter for each pipe";
  parameter Real ReC=4000 
    "Reynolds number where transition to turbulent starts";
  parameter Boolean linearized = false 
    "= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate";
  parameter Real deltaM(min=0) = 0.3 
    "Fraction of nominal mass flow rate where transition to turbulent occurs";
  parameter Boolean from_dp = false 
    "= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)";

  Fluid.FixedResistances.FixedResistanceDpM[nPipPar] fixRes(
    redeclare each package Medium = Medium,
    each m_flow_nominal=m_flow_nominal/nPipPar,
    each m_flow(start=mStart_flow_a),
    each dp_nominal=dp_nominal,
    each dh=dh,
    each from_dp=from_dp,
    each deltaM=deltaM,
    each ReC=ReC,
    each use_dh=use_dh,
    each linearized=linearized) "Fixed resistance for each duct";
equation 
  for i in 1:nPipPar loop
    connect(port_a, fixRes[i].port_a);
    connect(fixRes[i].port_b, port_b[i]);
  end for;
end PipeManifoldFixedResistance;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.PipeManifoldNoResistance

Information

Pipe manifold without flow resistance.

This model connects the flows between the ports without modeling flow friction. The model is used in conjunction with a manifold which contains pressure drop elements and that is added to the other side of the heat exchanger registers.

Extends from PartialPipeManifold (Partial pipe manifold for a heat exchanger).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium		PartialMedium	Medium in the component
Integer	nPipPar		Number of parallel pipes in each register
Boolean	connectAllPressures	true
Initialization
MassFlowRate	mStart_flow_a		Guess value for mass flow rate at port_a [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b[nPipPar]	Fluid connector b for medium (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

Modelica definition

model PipeManifoldNoResistance "Manifold for heat exchanger register"
  extends PartialPipeManifold;
 parameter Boolean connectAllPressures=true;
  Modelica.Fluid.Fittings.MultiPort mulPor(
      redeclare package Medium = Medium,
      final nPorts_b=nPipPar);
equation 
  connect(port_a, mulPor.port_a);
  connect(mulPor.ports_b, port_b);
end PipeManifoldNoResistance;

Buildings.Fluid.HeatExchangers.BaseClasses.ConstantEffectiveness

Information

Model for a heat exchanger with constant effectiveness.

This model transfers heat in the amount of

  Q = Q_max * eps,

In the region mK_flow_small > abs(mK_flow) > mK_flow_small/2, for K = 1 or 2, the effectivness eps is transitioned from its user-specified value to 0. This improves the numerical robustness near zero flow.

Classes that extend this model need to define the mass balance in a form like

  // no mass exchange
  mXi1_flow = zeros(Medium1.nXi);
  mXi2_flow = zeros(Medium2.nXi);

Extends from Fluid.Interfaces.PartialStaticFourPortHeatMassTransfer (Partial model transporting two fluid streams between four ports without storing mass or energy).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium1		PartialMedium	Medium 1 in the component
replaceable package Medium2		PartialMedium	Medium 2 in the component
Real	eps	0.8	Heat exchanger effectiveness
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m1_flow_nominal		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow_nominal	m1_flow_nominal	Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Pressure	dp1_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Pressure	dp2_nominal		Pressure [Pa]
Initialization
MassFlowRate	m1_flow.start	0	Mass flow rate from port_a1 to port_b1 (m1_flow > 0 is design flow direction) [kg/s]
Pressure	dp1.start	0	Pressure difference between port_a1 and port_b1 [Pa]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow.start	0	Mass flow rate from port_a2 to port_b2 (m2_flow > 0 is design flow direction) [kg/s]
Pressure	dp2.start	0	Pressure difference between port_a2 and port_b2 [Pa]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal1	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 1, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Boolean	allowFlowReversal2	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal in medium 2, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Advanced
MassFlowRate	m1_flow_small	1E-4*m1_flow_nominal	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m2_flow_small	1E-4*m2_flow_nominal	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
Diagnostics
Boolean	show_V_flow	false	= true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed
Initialization
AbsolutePressure	p_a1_start	system.p_start	Guess value for inlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_b1_start	p_a1_start	Guess value for outlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_a2_start	system.p_start	Guess value for inlet pressure [Pa]
AbsolutePressure	p_b2_start	p_a2_start	Guess value for outlet pressure [Pa]
Flow resistance
Medium 1
Boolean	from_dp1	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance1	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM1	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar
Medium 2
Boolean	from_dp2	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearizeFlowResistance2	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Real	deltaM2	0.1	Fraction of nominal flow rate where flow transitions to laminar

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a1	Fluid connector a1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)
FluidPort_b	port_b1	Fluid connector b1 (positive design flow direction is from port_a1 to port_b1)
FluidPort_a	port_a2	Fluid connector a2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)
FluidPort_b	port_b2	Fluid connector b2 (positive design flow direction is from port_a2 to port_b2)

Modelica definition

model ConstantEffectiveness 
  "Heat exchanger with constant effectiveness"
  extends Fluid.Interfaces.PartialStaticFourPortHeatMassTransfer;
  parameter Real eps(min=0, max=1) = 0.8 "Heat exchanger effectiveness";

  Modelica.SIunits.Temperature T_in1 "Inlet temperature medium 1";
  Modelica.SIunits.Temperature T_in2 "Inlet temperature medium 2";
  Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance C1_flow 
    "Heat capacity flow rate medium 1";
  Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance C2_flow 
    "Heat capacity flow rate medium 2";
  Modelica.SIunits.ThermalConductance CMin_flow(min=0) 
    "Minimum heat capacity flow rate";
  Modelica.SIunits.HeatFlowRate QMax_flow "Maximum heat flow rate";
protected 
  Real gai1(min=0, max=1) "Auxiliary variable for smoothing at zero flow";
  Real gai2(min=0, max=1) "Auxiliary variable for smoothing at zero flow";

equation 
  // Definitions for heat transfer effectiveness model
  T_in1 = Modelica.Fluid.Utilities.regStep(m1_flow,
                  Medium1.temperature(state_a1_inflow),
                  Medium1.temperature(state_b1_inflow), m1_flow_small);
  T_in2 = Modelica.Fluid.Utilities.regStep(m2_flow,
                  Medium2.temperature(state_a2_inflow),
                  Medium2.temperature(state_b2_inflow), m2_flow_small);

  // Compute a gain that goes to zero near zero flow rate.
  // This is required to smoothen the heat transfer at very small flow rates.
  // Note that gaiK = 1 for abs(mK_flow) > mK_flow_small
  gai1 = Modelica.Fluid.Utilities.regStep(abs(m1_flow)- 0.75 * m1_flow_small, 1, 0, 0.25*m1_flow_small);
  gai2 = Modelica.Fluid.Utilities.regStep(abs(m2_flow)- 0.75 * m2_flow_small, 1, 0, 0.25*m2_flow_small);

  // The specific heat capacity is computed using the state of the
  // medium at port_a. For forward flow, this is correct, for reverse flow,
  // this is an approximation.
  C1_flow = smooth(1, gai1 * abs(m1_flow)) * Medium1.specificHeatCapacityCp(sta_a1);
  C2_flow = smooth(1, gai2 * abs(m2_flow)) * Medium2.specificHeatCapacityCp(sta_a2);
  CMin_flow = min(C1_flow, C2_flow);
  QMax_flow = CMin_flow * (T_in2 - T_in1);

  // transfered heat
  Q1_flow = eps * QMax_flow;
  0 = Q1_flow + Q2_flow;

end ConstantEffectiveness;