Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses

Package with base classes for actuator models

Package Content

Name Description

der_equalPercentage Derivative of valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve

der_exponentialDamper Derivative of damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper

equalPercentage Valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve

Examples Collection of models that illustrate model use and test models

exponentialDamper Damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper

PartialActuator Partial model of an actuator

PartialDamperExponential Partial model for air dampers with exponential opening characteristics

PartialThreeWayValve Partial three way valve

PartialTwoWayValve Partial model for a two way valve

ValveParameters Model with parameters for valves

Name	Description
der_equalPercentage	Derivative of valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve
der_exponentialDamper	Derivative of damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper
equalPercentage	Valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve
Examples	Collection of models that illustrate model use and test models
exponentialDamper	Damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper
PartialActuator	Partial model of an actuator
PartialDamperExponential	Partial model for air dampers with exponential opening characteristics
PartialThreeWayValve	Partial three way valve
PartialTwoWayValve	Partial model for a two way valve
ValveParameters	Model with parameters for valves

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.der_equalPercentage

Derivative of valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve

Information

This function computes the derivative of the opening characteristics of an equal percentage valve.

The function is the derivative of TwoWayValveEqualPercentage.

Inputs

Type Name Default Description

Real y Valve opening signal, y=1 is fully open

Real R Rangeability, R=50...100 typically

Real l Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs

Real delta Range of significant deviation from equal percentage law

Real der_y Derivative of valve opening signal

Type	Name	Description
Real	y	Valve opening signal, y=1 is fully open
Real	R	Rangeability, R=50...100 typically
Real	l	Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs
Real	delta	Range of significant deviation from equal percentage law
Real	der_y	Derivative of valve opening signal

Outputs

Type Name Description

Real der_phi Derivative of ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, dphi/dy

Type	Name	Description
Real	der_phi	Derivative of ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, dphi/dy

Modelica definition

function der_equalPercentage 
  "Derivative of valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve"

  input Real y "Valve opening signal, y=1 is fully open";
  input Real R "Rangeability, R=50...100 typically";
  input Real l(min=0, max=1) "Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs";
  input Real delta "Range of significant deviation from equal percentage law";
  input Real der_y "Derivative of valve opening signal";

  output Real der_phi 
    "Derivative of ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, dphi/dy";
protected 
   Real a "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real b "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real c "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real logR "=log(R)";
   Real z "Auxiliary variable";
   Real q "Auxiliary variable";
   Real p "Auxiliary variable";
algorithm 
  if y < delta/2 then
    der_phi := (R^(delta-1) - l) / delta;
  else
    if (y > (3/2 * delta)) then
      der_phi := R^(y-1)*ln(R);
    else
      logR := Modelica.Math.log(R);
      z := (3*delta/2);
      q := delta*R^z*logR;
      p := R^z;
      a := (q - 2*p + 2*R^delta)/(delta^3*R);
      b := (-5*q + 12*p - 13*R^delta + l*R)/(2*delta^2*R);
      c := (7*q - 18*p + 24*R^delta - 6*l*R)/(4*delta*R);
      der_phi  := c + y * ( 2*b + 3*a*y);
    end if;
  end if;
end der_equalPercentage;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.der_exponentialDamper

Derivative of damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper

Information

This function computes the derivative of the opening characteristics of an exponential damper.

The function is used by the model Dampers.Exponential.

For yL < y < yU, the damper characteristics is

  k = exp(a+b*(1-y)).

Outside this range, the damper characteristic is defined by a quadratic polynomial.

Inputs

Type Name Default Description

Real y Control signal, y=0 is closed, y=1 is open

Real a Coefficient a for damper characteristics

Real b Coefficient b for damper characteristics

Real cL[3] Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl

Real cU[3] Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu

Real yL Lower value for damper curve

Real yU Upper value for damper curve

Real der_y Derivative of control signal

Type	Name	Description
Real	y	Control signal, y=0 is closed, y=1 is open
Real	a	Coefficient a for damper characteristics
Real	b	Coefficient b for damper characteristics
Real	cL[3]	Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl
Real	cU[3]	Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu
Real	yL	Lower value for damper curve
Real	yU	Upper value for damper curve
Real	der_y	Derivative of control signal

Outputs

Type Name Description

Real der_kTheta Derivative of flow coefficient, der_kTheta=dkTheta/dy

Type	Name	Description
Real	der_kTheta	Derivative of flow coefficient, der_kTheta=dkTheta/dy

Modelica definition

function der_exponentialDamper 
  "Derivative of damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper"

  input Real y(unit="") "Control signal, y=0 is closed, y=1 is open";
  input Real a(unit="") "Coefficient a for damper characteristics";
  input Real b(unit="") "Coefficient b for damper characteristics";
  input Real[3] cL "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl";
  input Real[3] cU "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu";
  input Real yL "Lower value for damper curve";
  input Real yU "Upper value for damper curve";
  input Real der_y(unit="") "Derivative of control signal";

  output Real der_kTheta(min=0) 
    "Derivative of flow coefficient, der_kTheta=dkTheta/dy";
algorithm 
  if y < yL then
    der_kTheta := exp(cL[3] + y * (cL[2] + y * cL[1]))*(2 * cL[1] * y + cL[2]);
  else
    if (y > yU) then
      der_kTheta := exp(cU[3] + y * (cU[2] + y * cU[1]))*(2 * cU[1] * y + cU[2]);
    else
      der_kTheta := -b*exp(a+b*(1-y)) 
        "y=0 is closed, but theta=1 is closed in ASHRAE-825";
    end if;
  end if;
end der_exponentialDamper;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.equalPercentage

Valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve

Information

This function computes the opening characteristics of an equal percentage valve.

The function is used by the model TwoWayValveEqualPercentage.

For y < delta/2, the valve characteristics is linear. For y > 3*delta/2 the valve characteristics is equal percentage. In between, a cubic spline is used to ensure that the valve characteristics is once continuously differentiable with respect to y.

Inputs

Type	Name	Description
Real	y	Valve opening signal, y=1 is fully open
Real	R	Rangeability, R=50...100 typically
Real	l	Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs
Real	delta	Range of significant deviation from equal percentage law

Outputs

Type Name Description

Real phi Ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, phi=Cv(y)/Cv(y=1)

Type	Name	Description
Real	phi	Ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, phi=Cv(y)/Cv(y=1)

Modelica definition

function equalPercentage 
  "Valve opening characteristics for equal percentage valve"
  annotation(derivative=der_equalPercentage);

  input Real y "Valve opening signal, y=1 is fully open";
  input Real R "Rangeability, R=50...100 typically";
  input Real l(min=0, max=1) "Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs";
  input Real delta "Range of significant deviation from equal percentage law";
  output Real phi "Ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, phi=Cv(y)/Cv(y=1)";
protected 
   Real a "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real b "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real c "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real d "Polynomial coefficient";
   Real logR "=log(R)";
   Real z "Auxiliary variable";
   Real q "Auxiliary variable";
   Real p "Auxiliary variable";
algorithm 
  if y < delta/2 then
    phi := l + y * (R^(delta-1) - l) / delta;
  else
    if (y > (3/2 * delta)) then
      phi := R^(y-1);
    else
      logR := Modelica.Math.log(R);
      z := (3*delta/2);
      q := delta*R^z*logR;
      p := R^z;
      a := (q - 2*p + 2*R^delta)/(delta^3*R);
      b := (-5*q + 12*p - 13*R^delta + l*R)/(2*delta^2*R);
      c := (7*q - 18*p + 24*R^delta - 6*l*R)/(4*delta*R);
      d := (-3*q + 8*p - 9*R^delta + 9*l*R)/(8*R);
      phi  := d + y * ( c + y * ( b + y * a));
    end if;
  end if;
end equalPercentage;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.exponentialDamper

Damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper

Information

This function computes the opening characteristics of an exponential damper.

The function is used by the model Dampers.Exponential.

For yL < y < yU, the damper characteristics is

  k = exp(a+b*(1-y)).

Outside this range, the damper characteristic is defined by a quadratic polynomial.

Inputs

Type	Name	Description
Real	y	Control signal, y=0 is closed, y=1 is open
Real	a	Coefficient a for damper characteristics
Real	b	Coefficient b for damper characteristics
Real	cL[3]	Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl
Real	cU[3]	Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu
Real	yL	Lower value for damper curve
Real	yU	Upper value for damper curve

Outputs

Type Name Description

Real kTheta Flow coefficient, kTheta = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure

Type	Name	Description
Real	kTheta	Flow coefficient, kTheta = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure

Modelica definition

function exponentialDamper 
  "Damper opening characteristics for an exponential damper"
  annotation(derivative=der_exponentialDamper);

  input Real y(unit="") "Control signal, y=0 is closed, y=1 is open";
  input Real a(unit="") "Coefficient a for damper characteristics";
  input Real b(unit="") "Coefficient b for damper characteristics";
  input Real[3] cL "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl";
  input Real[3] cU "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu";
  input Real yL "Lower value for damper curve";
  input Real yU "Upper value for damper curve";

  output Real kTheta(min=0) 
    "Flow coefficient, kTheta = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure";
algorithm 
  if y < yL then
    kTheta := exp(cL[3] + y * (cL[2] + y * cL[1]));
  else
    if (y > yU) then
      kTheta := exp(cU[3] + y * (cU[2] + y * cU[1]));
    else
      kTheta := exp(a+b*(1-y)) "y=0 is closed";
    end if;
  end if;
end exponentialDamper;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialActuator

Partial model of an actuator

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialActuator

Information

Partial actuator that is the base class for dampers and two way valves.

Extends from Buildings.Fluids.BaseClasses.PartialResistance (Partial model for a hydraulic resistance).

Parameters

Type Name Default Description

replaceable package Medium Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa... Medium in the component

Nominal condition

MassFlowRate m0_flow Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]

Assumptions

Boolean allowFlowReversal system.allowFlowReversal = true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Advanced

AbsolutePressure dp_start 0.01*system.p_start Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]

MassFlowRate m_flow_start system.m_flow_start Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]

MassFlowRate m_flow_small 1E-4*m0_flow Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]

Boolean from_dp true = true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Boolean linearized false = true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate

Diagnostics

Boolean show_T true = true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed

Boolean show_V_flow true = true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium	Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa...	Medium in the component
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m0_flow		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Advanced
AbsolutePressure	dp_start	0.01*system.p_start	Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_start	system.m_flow_start	Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_small	1E-4*m0_flow	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
Boolean	from_dp	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearized	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Diagnostics
Boolean	show_T	true	= true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed
Boolean	show_V_flow	true	= true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed

Connectors

Type Name Description

FluidPort_a port_a Fluid connector a (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

FluidPort_b port_b Fluid connector b (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)

input RealInput y Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b	Fluid connector b (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
input RealInput	y	Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialActuator "Partial model of an actuator"
  extends Buildings.Fluids.BaseClasses.PartialResistance;
  import SI = Modelica.SIunits;


public 
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput y(min=0, max=1) 
    "Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)";
end PartialActuator;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialDamperExponential

Partial model for air dampers with exponential opening characteristics

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialDamperExponential

Information

Partial model for air dampers with exponential opening characteristics. This is the base model for air dampers. The model defines the flow rate where the linearization near the origin occurs. The model also defines parameters that are used by different air damper models.

This model does not assign k=kDam because the model VAVBoxExponential consists of a fixed resistance and a resistance due to the air damper. If k would be assigned here, then this partial model could not be used as a base class for VAVBoxExponential.

For a description of the opening characteristics and typical parameter values, see the damper model Exponential.

Extends from PartialActuator (Partial model of an actuator).

Parameters

Type Name Default Description

replaceable package Medium Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa... Medium in the component

Area A Face area [m2]

Boolean roundDuct false Set to true for round duct, false for square cross section

Real ReC 4000 Reynolds number where transition to laminar starts

Real a -1.51 Coefficient a for damper characteristics

Real b 0.105*90 Coefficient b for damper characteristics

Real yL 15/90 Lower value for damper curve

Real yU 55/90 Upper value for damper curve

Real k0 1E6 Flow coefficient for y=0, k0 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure

Real k1 0.45 Flow coefficient for y=1, k1 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure

Nominal condition

MassFlowRate m0_flow Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]

Assumptions

Boolean allowFlowReversal system.allowFlowReversal = true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Advanced

AbsolutePressure dp_start 0.01*system.p_start Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]

MassFlowRate m_flow_start system.m_flow_start Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]

MassFlowRate m_flow_small 1E-4*m0_flow Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]

Boolean from_dp true = true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Boolean linearized false = true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate

Diagnostics

Boolean show_T true = true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed

Boolean show_V_flow true = true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium	Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa...	Medium in the component
Area	A		Face area [m2]
Boolean	roundDuct	false	Set to true for round duct, false for square cross section
Real	ReC	4000	Reynolds number where transition to laminar starts
Real	a	-1.51	Coefficient a for damper characteristics
Real	b	0.105*90	Coefficient b for damper characteristics
Real	yL	15/90	Lower value for damper curve
Real	yU	55/90	Upper value for damper curve
Real	k0	1E6	Flow coefficient for y=0, k0 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure
Real	k1	0.45	Flow coefficient for y=1, k1 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m0_flow		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Advanced
AbsolutePressure	dp_start	0.01*system.p_start	Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_start	system.m_flow_start	Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_small	1E-4*m0_flow	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
Boolean	from_dp	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearized	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Diagnostics
Boolean	show_T	true	= true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed
Boolean	show_V_flow	true	= true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b	Fluid connector b (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
input RealInput	y	Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialDamperExponential 
  "Partial model for air dampers with exponential opening characteristics"
  extends PartialActuator;

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Area A "Face area";
  parameter Boolean roundDuct = false 
    "Set to true for round duct, false for square cross section";
  parameter Real ReC=4000 "Reynolds number where transition to laminar starts";

  parameter Real a(unit="")=-1.51 "Coefficient a for damper characteristics";
  parameter Real b(unit="")=0.105*90 "Coefficient b for damper characteristics";
  parameter Real yL = 15/90 "Lower value for damper curve";
  parameter Real yU = 55/90 "Upper value for damper curve";
  parameter Real k0(min=0) = 1E6 
    "Flow coefficient for y=0, k0 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure";
  parameter Real k1(min=0) = 0.45 
    "Flow coefficient for y=1, k1 = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure";
  Real kDam(start=1) 
    "Flow coefficient for damper, k=m_flow/sqrt(dp), with unit=(kg*m)^(1/2)";

protected 
  Real kTheta(min=0) 
    "Flow coefficient, kTheta = pressure drop divided by dynamic pressure";
  parameter Real[3] cL(fixed=false) 
    "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y < yl";
  parameter Real[3] cU(fixed=false) 
    "Polynomial coefficients for curve fit for y > yu";

protected 
  parameter Real facRouDuc= if roundDuct then sqrt(Modelica.Constants.pi)/2 else 1;
initial equation 
 cL[1] = (ln(k0) - b - a)/yL^2;
 cL[2] = (-b*yL - 2*ln(k0) + 2*b + 2*a)/yL;
 cL[3] = ln(k0);

 cU[1] = (ln(k1) - a)/(yU^2 - 2*yU + 1);
 cU[2] = (-b*yU^2 - 2*ln(k1)*yU - (-2*b - 2*a)*yU - b)/(yU^2 - 2*yU + 1);
 cU[3] = (ln(k1)*yU^2 + b*yU^2 + (-2*b - 2*a)*yU + b + a)/(yU^2 - 2*yU + 1);
 assert(k0 > k1, "k0 must be bigger than k1.");
equation 
   m_flow_laminar=eta0*ReC*sqrt(A)*facRouDuc;
   kTheta = exponentialDamper(y=y, a=a, b=b, cL=cL, cU=cU, yL=yL, yU=yU) 
    "y=0 is closed";
   assert(kTheta>=0, "Flow coefficient must not be negative");
   kDam = sqrt(2*Medium.density(state_a)/kTheta) * A 
    "flow coefficient for resistance base model, kDam=k=m_flow/sqrt(dp)";

end PartialDamperExponential;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialThreeWayValve

Partial three way valve

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialThreeWayValve

Information

Partial model of a three way valve. This is the base model for valves with different opening characteristics, such as linear, equal percentage or quick opening. The three way valve model consists of a mixer where valves are placed in two of the flow legs. The third flow leg has no friction. The flow coefficient Kv_SI for flow from port_1 -> port_2 is a parameter and the flow coefficient for flow from port_3 -> port_2 is computed as

         Kv_SI(port_1 -> port_2)
  fraK = ----------------------
         Kv_SI(port_3 -> port_2)

where fraK is a parameter.

Since this model uses two way valves to construct a three way valve, see PartialTwoWayValve for details regarding the valve implementation.

Extends from Buildings.Fluids.BaseClasses.PartialThreeWayResistance (Flow splitter with partial resistance model at each port), Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters (Model with parameters for valves).

Parameters

Type Name Default Description

replaceable package Medium Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa... Fluid medium model

PartialTwoPortTransport res1 redeclare Modelica_Fluid.Int... Partial model, to be replaced with a fluid component

PartialTwoPortTransport res3 redeclare Modelica_Fluid.Int... Partial model, to be replaced with a fluid component

Real fraK 0.7 Fraction Kv_SI(port_1->port_2)/Kv_SI(port_3->port_2)

Real l[2] {0,0} Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs

Flow Coefficient

CvTypes CvData Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp... Selection of flow coefficient

Real Kv 0 Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]

Real Cv 0 Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]

Area Av 0 Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]

Real Kv_SI m0_flow/sqrt(dp0) Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]

Pressure-flow linearization

Real deltaM 0.02 Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1

Nominal condition

MassFlowRate m0_flow Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]

Pressure dp0 6000 Nominal pressure drop [Pa]

Advanced

Boolean from_dp true = true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Boolean linearized[2] {false,false} = true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate

Nominal condition

Density rhoStd Medium.density_pTX(101325, 2... Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium	Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa...	Fluid medium model
PartialTwoPortTransport	res1	redeclare Modelica_Fluid.Int...	Partial model, to be replaced with a fluid component
PartialTwoPortTransport	res3	redeclare Modelica_Fluid.Int...	Partial model, to be replaced with a fluid component
Real	fraK	0.7	Fraction Kv_SI(port_1->port_2)/Kv_SI(port_3->port_2)
Real	l[2]	{0,0}	Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs
Flow Coefficient
CvTypes	CvData	Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp...	Selection of flow coefficient
Real	Kv	0	Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]
Real	Cv	0	Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]
Area	Av	0	Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]
Real	Kv_SI	m0_flow/sqrt(dp0)	Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]
Pressure-flow linearization
Real	deltaM	0.02	Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m0_flow		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Pressure	dp0	6000	Nominal pressure drop [Pa]
Advanced
Boolean	from_dp	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearized[2]	{false,false}	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Nominal condition
Density	rhoStd	Medium.density_pTX(101325, 2...	Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Connectors

Type Name Description

FluidPort_a port_1

FluidPort_b port_2

FluidPort_a port_3

input RealInput y Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_1
FluidPort_b	port_2
FluidPort_a	port_3
input RealInput	y	Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialThreeWayValve "Partial three way valve"
    extends Buildings.Fluids.BaseClasses.PartialThreeWayResistance(
        redeclare FixedResistances.LosslessPipe res2(
            redeclare package Medium = Medium));
    extends Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters(
      rhoStd=Medium.density_pTX(101325, 273.15+4, Medium.X_default));

  parameter Real fraK(min=0, max=1) = 0.7 
    "Fraction Kv_SI(port_1->port_2)/Kv_SI(port_3->port_2)";
  parameter Real[2] l(min=0, max=1) = {0, 0} "Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs";
  parameter Real deltaM = 0.02 
    "Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1";
  parameter Medium.MassFlowRate m0_flow(min=0) "Nominal mass flow rate";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Pressure dp0 = 6000 "Nominal pressure drop";
  parameter Boolean[2] linearized = {false, false} 
    "= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput y "Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)";
protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Feedback inv "Inversion of control signal";
  Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Constant uni(final k=1) 
    "Outputs one for bypass valve";
equation 
  connect(uni.y, inv.u1);
end PartialThreeWayValve;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialTwoWayValve

Partial model for a two way valve

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialTwoWayValve

Information

Partial model for a two way valve. This is the base model for valves with different opening characteristics, such as linear, equal percentage or quick opening.

Modelling options

The following options have been adapted from the valve implementation in Modelica_Fluid and are described in Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters.

In contrast to the model in Modelica_Fluid, this model uses the parameter Kv_SI, which is the flow coefficient in SI units, i.e., it is the ratio between mass flow rate in kg/s and square root of pressure drop in Pa.

To prevent the derivative d/dP (m_flow) to be infinite near the origin, this model linearizes the pressure drop vs. flow relation ship. The region in which it is linearized is parameterized by

m_small_flow = deltaM * Kv_SI * sqrt(dp0)

Because the parameterization contains Kv_SI, the values for deltaM and dp0 need not be changed if the valve size changes.

The two way valve models are implemented using this partial model, as opposed to using different functions for the valve opening characteristics, because each valve opening characteristics has different parameters.

Extends from Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialActuator (Partial model of an actuator), Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters (Model with parameters for valves).

Parameters

Type Name Default Description

replaceable package Medium Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa... Medium in the component

Real l 0.005 Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs

Nominal condition

MassFlowRate m0_flow Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]

Pressure dp0 6000 Nominal pressure drop [Pa]

Flow Coefficient

CvTypes CvData Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp... Selection of flow coefficient

Real Kv 0 Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]

Real Cv 0 Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]

Area Av 0 Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]

Real Kv_SI m0_flow/sqrt(dp0) Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]

Pressure-flow linearization

Real deltaM 0.02 Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1

Assumptions

Boolean allowFlowReversal system.allowFlowReversal = true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)

Advanced

AbsolutePressure dp_start 0.01*system.p_start Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]

MassFlowRate m_flow_start system.m_flow_start Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]

MassFlowRate m_flow_small 1E-4*m0_flow Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]

Boolean from_dp true = true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)

Boolean linearized false = true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate

Diagnostics

Boolean show_T true = true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed

Boolean show_V_flow true = true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed

Nominal condition

Density rhoStd Medium.density_pTX(101325, 2... Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Type	Name	Default	Description
replaceable package Medium	Modelica.Media.Interfaces.Pa...	Medium in the component
Real	l	0.005	Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m0_flow		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Pressure	dp0	6000	Nominal pressure drop [Pa]
Flow Coefficient
CvTypes	CvData	Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp...	Selection of flow coefficient
Real	Kv	0	Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]
Real	Cv	0	Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]
Area	Av	0	Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]
Real	Kv_SI	m0_flow/sqrt(dp0)	Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]
Pressure-flow linearization
Real	deltaM	0.02	Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1
Assumptions
Boolean	allowFlowReversal	system.allowFlowReversal	= true to allow flow reversal, false restricts to design direction (port_a -> port_b)
Advanced
AbsolutePressure	dp_start	0.01*system.p_start	Guess value of dp = port_a.p - port_b.p [Pa]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_start	system.m_flow_start	Guess value of m_flow = port_a.m_flow [kg/s]
MassFlowRate	m_flow_small	1E-4*m0_flow	Small mass flow rate for regularization of zero flow [kg/s]
Boolean	from_dp	true	= true, use m_flow = f(dp) else dp = f(m_flow)
Boolean	linearized	false	= true, use linear relation between m_flow and dp for any flow rate
Diagnostics
Boolean	show_T	true	= true, if temperatures at port_a and port_b are computed
Boolean	show_V_flow	true	= true, if volume flow rate at inflowing port is computed
Nominal condition
Density	rhoStd	Medium.density_pTX(101325, 2...	Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
FluidPort_a	port_a	Fluid connector a (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
FluidPort_b	port_b	Fluid connector b (positive design flow direction is from port_a to port_b)
input RealInput	y	Damper position (0: closed, 1: open)

Modelica definition

partial model PartialTwoWayValve "Partial model for a two way valve"
  extends Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.PartialActuator;
  extends Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters(
      rhoStd=Medium.density_pTX(101325, 273.15+4, Medium.X_default));


  parameter Real l(min=0, max=1) = 0.005 "Valve leakage, l=Cv(y=0)/Cvs";
  Real phi "Ratio actual to nominal mass flow rate, phi=Cv(y)/Cv(y=1)";

equation 
 m_flow_laminar = deltaM * m0_flow;
 k = phi * Kv_SI;
end PartialTwoWayValve;

Buildings.Fluids.Actuators.BaseClasses.ValveParameters

Model with parameters for valves

Information

Model that computes the flow coefficients of valves. This base class allows the following modeling options, which have been adapted from the valve implementation in Modelica_Fluid to specify the valve flow coefficient in fully open conditions:

CvData = Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Av: the flow coefficient is given by the metric Av coefficient (m^2).
CvData = Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Kv: the flow coefficient is given by the metric Kv coefficient (m^3/h).
CvData = Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Cv: the flow coefficient is given by the US Cv coefficient (USG/min).
CvData = Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.OpPoint: the flow is computed from the nominal operating point specified by dp0 and m0_flow.

The treatment of parameters Kv and Cv is explained in detail in the Users Guide.

Parameters

Type Name Default Description

Flow Coefficient

CvTypes CvData Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp... Selection of flow coefficient

Real Kv 0 Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]

Real Cv 0 Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]

Area Av 0 Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]

Real Kv_SI m0_flow/sqrt(dp0) Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]

Pressure-flow linearization

Real deltaM 0.02 Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1

Nominal condition

MassFlowRate m0_flow Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]

Pressure dp0 6000 Nominal pressure drop [Pa]

Advanced

Nominal condition

Density rhoStd Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Type	Name	Default	Description
Flow Coefficient
CvTypes	CvData	Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTyp...	Selection of flow coefficient
Real	Kv	0	Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]
Real	Cv	0	Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]
Area	Av	0	Av (metric) flow coefficient [m2]
Real	Kv_SI	m0_flow/sqrt(dp0)	Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]
Pressure-flow linearization
Real	deltaM	0.02	Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1
Nominal condition
MassFlowRate	m0_flow		Nominal mass flow rate [kg/s]
Pressure	dp0	6000	Nominal pressure drop [Pa]
Advanced
Nominal condition
Density	rhoStd		Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined [kg/m3]

Modelica definition

partial model ValveParameters "Model with parameters for valves"

  parameter Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes CvData=Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.OpPoint 
    "Selection of flow coefficient";
  parameter Real Kv(
    fixed= if CvData==Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Kv then true else false) = 0 
    "Kv (metric) flow coefficient [m3/h/(bar)^(1/2)]";
  parameter Real Cv(
    fixed= if CvData==Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Cv then true else false) = 0 
    "Cv (US) flow coefficient [USG/min/(psi)^(1/2)]";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Area Av(
    fixed= if CvData==Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Av then true else false) = 0 
    "Av (metric) flow coefficient";
  parameter Real deltaM = 0.02 
    "Fraction of nominal flow rate where linearization starts, if y=1";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.MassFlowRate m0_flow(min=0) 
    "Nominal mass flow rate";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Pressure dp0 = 6000 "Nominal pressure drop";

  parameter Real Kv_SI(
    min=0,
    fixed= if CvData==Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.OpPoint then true else false,
    start=m0_flow/sqrt(dp0)) = m0_flow/sqrt(dp0) 
    "Flow coefficient for fully open valve in SI units, Kv=m_flow/sqrt(dp) [kg/s/(Pa)^(1/2)]";

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Density rhoStd 
    "Inlet density for which valve coefficients are defined";

initial equation 
/*
  if CvData == Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Av then
    Kv_SI = Av * sqrt(rhoStd);
  elseif CvData == Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Kv then
    Kv_SI = Kv*rhoStd/3600/sqrt(1E5) 
      "Unit conversion m3/(h*sqrt(bar)) to kg/(s*sqrt(Pa))";
  elseif CvData == Buildings.Fluids.Types.CvTypes.Cv then
    Kv_SI = Cv*rhoStd*0.0631/1000/sqrt(6895) 
      "Unit conversion USG/(min*sqrt(psi)) to kg/(s*sqrt(Pa))";
 end if;
*/
    Kv_SI = Av * sqrt(rhoStd);
    Kv_SI = Kv*rhoStd/3600/sqrt(1E5) 
    "Unit conversion m3/(h*sqrt(bar)) to kg/(s*sqrt(Pa))";
    Kv_SI = Cv*rhoStd*0.0631/1000/sqrt(6895) 
    "Unit conversion USG/(min*sqrt(psi)) to kg/(s*sqrt(Pa))";
end ValveParameters;

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