Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage


Content:

  1. Basic usage of medium model
  2. Medium model for a balance volume
  3. Medium model for a pressure loss
  4. Optional medium properties
  5. Constants provided by medium model
  6. Two-phase media
  7. Initialization

A good demonstration how to use the media from Modelica.Media is given in package Modelica.Media.Examples.Tests. Under Tests.Components the most basic components of a Fluid library are defined. Under Tests.MediaTestModels these basic components are used to test all media models with some very simple piping networks.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).

Package Content

NameDescription
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BasicUsage BasicUsage Basic usage
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BalanceVolume BalanceVolume Balance volume
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.ShortPipe ShortPipe Short pipe
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.OptionalProperties OptionalProperties Optional properties
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Constants Constants Constants
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.TwoPhase TwoPhase Two-phase media
Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Initialization Initialization Initialization


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BasicUsage Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BasicUsage


Basic usage of medium model

Media models in Modelica.Media are provided by packages, inheriting from the partial package Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium. Every package defines:

There are - as stated above - two different basic ways of using the Media library which will be described in more details in the following section. One way is to use the model BaseProperties. Every instance of BaseProperties for any medium model provides 3+nXi equations for the following 5+nXi variables that are declared in the medium model (nXi is the number of independent mass fractions, see explanation below):

Variable Unit Description
T K temperature
p Pa absolute pressure
d kg/m3 density
u J/kg specific internal energy
h J/kg specific enthalpy (h = u + p/d)
Xi[nXi] kg/kg independent mass fractions m_i/m
X[nX] kg/kg All mass fractions m_i/m. X is defined in BaseProperties by:
X = if reducedX then vector([Xi; 1-sum(Xi)]) else Xi

Two variables out of p, d, h, or u, as well as the mass fractions Xi are the independent variables and the medium model basically provides equations to compute the remaining variables, including the full mass fraction vector X (more details to Xi and X are given further below).

In a component, the most basic usage of a medium model is as follows

  model Pump
    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                         "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);
    Medium.BaseProperties medium_a "Medium properties at location a (e.g., port_a)";
    // Use medium variables (medium_a.p, medium_a.T, medium_a.h, ...)
     ...
  end Pump;

The second way is to use the setState_XXX functions to compute the thermodynamic state record from which all other thermodynamic state variables can be computed (see Basic definition of medium for further details on ThermodynamicState). The setState_XXX functions accept either X or Xi (see explanation below) and will decide internally which of these two compositions is provided by the user. The four fundamental setState_XXX functions are provided in PartialMedium

Function Description Short-form for
single component medium
setState_dTX computes ThermodynamicState from density, temperature, and composition X or Xi setState_dT
setState_phX computes ThermodynamicState from pressure, specific enthalpy, and composition X or Xi setState_ph
setState_psX computes ThermodynamicState from pressure, specific entropy, and composition X or Xi setState_ps
setState_pTX computes ThermodynamicState from pressure, temperature, and composition X or Xi setState_pT

The simple example that explained the basic usage of BaseProperties would then become

  model Pump
    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                         "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);
    Medium.ThermodynamicState state_a "Thermodynamic state record at location a (e.g., port_a)";
    // Compute medium variables from thermodynamic state record (pressure(state_a), temperature(state_a),
    // specificEnthalpy(state_a), ...)
    ...
  end Pump;

All media models are directly or indirectly a subpackage of package Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium. Therefore, a medium model in a component should inherit from this partial package. Via the annotation "__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true" it is defined that the tool should display a selection box with all loaded packages that inherit from PartialMedium. An example is given in the next figure:

medium selection menu

A selected medium model leads, e.g., to the following equation:

  Pump pump(redeclare package Medium = Modelica.Media.Water.SimpleLiquidWater);

Usually, a medium model is associated with the variables of a fluid connector. Therefore, equations have to be defined in a model that relate the variables in the connector with the variables in the medium model:

  model Pump
    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                         "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);
    Medium.BaseProperties medium_a "Medium properties of port_a";
    // definition of the fluid port port_a
     ...
  equation
    medium.p = port_a.p;
    medium.h = port_a.h;
    medium.Xi = port_a.Xi;
     ...
  end Pump;
in the case of using BaseProperties or
  model Pump
    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                         "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);
    Medium.ThermodynamicState state_a "Thermodynamic state record of medium at port_a";
    // definition of the fluid port port_a
     ...
  equation
    state_a = Medium.setState_phX(port_a.p, port_a.h, port_a.Xi) // if port_a contains the variables
                                                                 // p, h, and Xi
     ...
  end Pump;
in the case of using ThermodynamicState.

If a component model shall treat both single and multiple substance fluids, equations for the mass fractions have to be present (above: medium.Xi = port_a.Xi) in the model. According to the Modelica semantics, the equations of the mass fractions are ignored, if the dimension of Xi is zero, i.e., for a single-component medium. Note, by specific techniques sketched in section "Medium definition", the independent variables in the medium model need not to be the same as the variables in the connector and still get the same efficiency, as if the same variables would be used.

If a fluid consists of a single substance, nXi = 0 and the vector of mass fractions Xi is not present. If a fluid consists of nS substances, the medium model may define the number of independent mass fractions nXi to be nS, nS-1, or zero. In all cases, balance equations for nXi substances have to be given in the corresponding component (see discussion below). Note, that if nXi = nS, the constraint "sum(Xi)=1" between the mass fractions is not present in the model; in that case, it is necessary to provide consistent start values for Xi such that sum(Xi) = 1.

The reason for this definition of Xi is that a fluid component library can be implemented by using only the independent mass fractions Xi and then via the medium it is defined how Xi is interpreted:

The full vector of mass fractions X[nX] is computed in PartialMedium.BaseProperties based on Xi, reference_X, and the information whether Xi = nS or nS-1. For single-substance media, nX = 0, so there's also no X vector. For multiple-substance media, nX = nS, and X always contains the full vector of mass fractions. In order to reduce confusion for the user of a fluid component library, "Xi" has the annotation "HideResult=true", meaning, that this variable is not shown in the plot window. Only X is shown in the plot window and this vector always contains all mass fractions.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BalanceVolume Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.BalanceVolume


Fluid libraries usually have balance volume components with one fluid connector port that fulfill the mass and energy balance and on a different grid components that fulfill the momentum balance. A balance volume component, called junction volume below, should be primarily implemented in the following way (see also the implementation in Modelica.Media.Examples.Tests.Components.PortVolume):

  model JunctionVolume
    import SI=Modelica.SIunits;
    import Modelica.Media.Examples.Tests.Components.FluidPort_a;

    parameter SI.Volume V = 1e-6 "Fixed size of junction volume";
    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                           "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);

    FluidPort_a port(redeclare package Medium = Medium);
    Medium.BaseProperties medium(preferredMediumStates = true);

    SI.Energy U               "Internal energy of junction volume";
    SI.Mass   M               "Mass of junction volume";
    SI.Mass   MX[Medium.nXi] "Independent substance masses of junction volume";
  equation
    medium.p   = port.p;
    medium.h   = port.h;
    medium.Xi = port.Xi;

    M  = V*medium.d;                  // mass of JunctionVolume
    MX = M*medium.Xi;                // mass fractions in JunctionVolume
    U  = M*medium.u;                  // internal energy in JunctionVolume

    der(M)  = port.m_flow;    // mass balance
    der(MX) = port.mX_flow;   // substance mass balance
    der(U)  = port.H_flow;    // energy balance
  end JunctionVolume;

Assume the Modelica.Media.Air.SimpleAir medium model is used with the JunctionVolume model above. This medium model uses pressure p and temperature T as independent variables. If the flag "preferredMediumStates" is set to true in the declaration of "medium", then the independent variables of this medium model get the attribute "stateSelect = StateSelect.prefer", i.e., the Modelica translator should use these variables as states, if this is possible. Basically, this means that constraints between the potential states p,T and the potential states U,M are present. A Modelica tool will therefore automatically differentiate medium equations and will use the following equations for code generation (note the equations related to X are removed, because SimpleAir consists of a single substance only):

    M  = V*medium.d;
    U  = M*medium.u;

    // balance equations
    der(M)  = port.m_flow;
    der(U)  = port.H_flow;

    // abbreviations introduced to get simpler terms
    p = medium.p;
    T = medium.T;
    d = medium.d;
    u = medium.u;
    h = medium.h;

    // medium equations
    d = fd(p,T);
    h = fh(p,T);
    u = h - p/d;

    // equations derived automatically by a Modelica tool due to index reduction
    der(U) = der(M)*u + M*der(u);
    der(M) = V*der(d);
    der(u) = der(h) - der(p)/d - p/der(d);
    der(d) = der(fd,p)*der(p) + der(fd,T)*der(T);
    der(h) = der(fh,p)*der(p) + der(fd,T)*der(T);

Note, that "der(y,x)" is an operator that characterizes in the example above the partial derivative of y with respect to x (this operator will be included in one of the next Modelica language releases). All media models in this library are written in such a way that at least the partial derivatives of the medium variables with respect to the independent variables are provided, either because the equations are directly given (= symbolic differentiation is possible) or because the derivative of the corresponding function (such as fd above) is provided. A Modelica tool will transform the equations above in differential equations with p and T as states, i.e., will generate equations to compute der(p) and der(T) as function of p and T.

Note, when preferredMediumStates = false, no differentiation will take place and the Modelica translator will use the variables appearing differentiated as states, i.e., M and U. This has the disadvantage that for many media non-linear systems of equations are present to compute the intrinsic properties p, d, T, u, h from M and U.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.ShortPipe Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.ShortPipe


Fluid libraries have components with two ports that store neither mass nor energy and fulfill the momentum equation between their two ports, e.g., a short pipe. In most cases this means that an equation is present relating the pressure drop between the two ports and the mass flow rate from one to the other port. Since no mass or energy is stored, no differential equations for thermodynamic variables are present. A component model of this type has therefore usually the following structure (see also the implementation in Modelica.Media.Examples.Tests.Components.ShortPipe):

  model ShortPipe
    import SI=Modelica.SIunits;
    import Modelica.Media.Examples.Tests.Components;

    // parameters defining the pressure drop equation

    replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium
                           "Medium model" annotation (__Dymola_choicesAllMatching = true);

    Component.FluidPort_a port_a (redeclare package Medium = Medium);
    Component.FluidPort_b port_b (redeclare package Medium = Medium);

    SI.Pressure dp = port_a.p - port_b.p "Pressure drop";
    Medium.BaseProperties medium_a "Medium properties in port_a";
    Medium.BasePropreties medium_b "Medium properties in port_b";
  equation
    // define media models of the ports
    medium_a.p   = port_a.p;
    medium_a.h   = port_a.h;
    medium_a.Xi = port_a.Xi;

    medium_b.p   = port_b.p;
    medium_b.h   = port_b.h;
    medium_b.Xi = port_b.Xi;

    // Handle reverse and zero flow (semiLinear is a built-in Modelica operator)
    port_a.H_flow   = semiLinear(port_a.m_flow, port_a.h, port_b.h);
    port_a.mXi_flow = semiLinear(port_a.m_flow, port_a.Xi, port_b.Xi);

    // Energy, mass and substance mass balance
    port_a.H_flow + port_b.H_flow = 0;
    port_a.m_flow + port_b.m_flow = 0;
    port_a.mXi_flow + port_b.mXi_flow = zeros(Medium.nXi);

    // Provide equation: port_a.m_flow = f(dp)
  end ShortPipe;

The semiLinear(..) operator is basically defined as:

    semiLinear(m_flow, ha, hb) = if m_flow ≥ 0 then m_flow*ha else m_flow*hb;

that is, it computes the enthalpy flow rate either from the port_a or from the port_b properties, depending on flow direction. The exact details of this operator are given in ModelicaReference.Operators.SemiLinear. Especially, rules are defined in the Modelica specification that m_flow = 0 can be treated in a "meaningful way". Especially, if n fluid components (such as pipes) are connected together and the fluid connector from above is used, a linear system of equations appear between medium1.h, medium2.h, medium3.h, ..., port1.h, port2.h, port3.h, ..., port1.H_flow, port2.H_flow, port3.H_flow, .... The rules for the semiLinear(..) operator allow the following solution of this linear system of equations:

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.OptionalProperties Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.OptionalProperties


In some cases additional medium properties are needed. A component that needs these optional properties has to call one of the functions listed in the following table. They are defined as partial functions within package PartialMedium, and then (optionally) implemented in actual medium packages. If a component calls such an optional function and the medium package does not provide a new implementation for this function, an error message is printed at translation time, since the function is "partial", i.e., incomplete. The argument of all functions is the state record, automatically defined by the BaseProperties model or specifically computed using the setState_XXX functions, which contains the minimum number of thermodynamic variables needed to compute all the additional properties. In the table it is assumed that there is a declaration of the form:

   replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium;
   Medium.ThermodynamicState state;
Function call Unit Description
Medium.dynamicViscosity(state) Pa.s dynamic viscosity
Medium.thermalConductivity(state) W/(m.K) thermal conductivity
Medium.prandtlNumber(state) 1 Prandtl number
Medium.specificEntropy(state) J/(kg.K) specific entropy
Medium.specificHeatCapacityCp(state) J/(kg.K) specific heat capacity at constant pressure
Medium.specificHeatCapacityCv(state) J/(kg.K) specific heat capacity at constant density
Medium.isentropicExponent(state) 1 isentropic exponent
Medium.isentropicEnthatlpy(pressure, state) J/kg isentropic enthalpy
Medium.velocityOfSound(state) m/s velocity of sound
Medium.isobaricExpansionCoefficient(state) 1/K isobaric expansion coefficient
Medium.isothermalCompressibility(state) 1/Pa isothermal compressibility
Medium.density_derp_h(state) kg/(m3.Pa) derivative of density by pressure at constant enthalpy
Medium.density_derh_p(state) kg2/(m3.J) derivative of density by enthalpy at constant pressure
Medium.density_derp_T(state) kg/(m3.Pa) derivative of density by pressure at constant temperature
Medium.density_derT_p(state) kg/(m3.K) derivative of density by temperature at constant pressure
Medium.density_derX(state) kg/m3 derivative of density by mass fraction
Medium.molarMass(state) kg/mol molar mass

There are also some short forms provided for user convenience that allow the computation of certain thermodynamic state variables without using the ThermodynamicState record explicitly. Those short forms are for example useful to compute consistent start values in the initial equation section. Let's consider the function temperature_phX(p,h,X) as an exmaple. This function computes the temperature from pressure, specific enthalpy, and composition X (or Xi) and is a short form for writing

  temperature(setState_phX(p,h,X))

The following functions are predefined in PartialMedium (other functions can be added in the actual medium implementation package if they are useful)

Medium.specificEnthalpy_pTX(p,T,X) J/kg Specific enthalpy at p, T, X
Medium.temperature_phX(p,h,X) K Temperature at p, h, X
Medium.density_phX(p,h,X) kg/m3 Density at p, h, X
Medium.temperature_psX(p,s,X) K Temperature at p, s, X
Medium.specificEnthalpy_psX(p,s,X) J/(kg.K) Specific entropy at p, s, X

Assume for example that the dynamic viscosity eta is needed in the pressure drop equation of a short pipe. Then, the model of a short pipe has to be changed to:

  model ShortPipe
      ...
    Medium.BaseProperties medium_a "Medium properties in port_a";
    Medium.BaseProperties medium_b "Medium properties in port_b";
      ...
    Medium.DynamicViscosity eta;
      ...
    eta = if port_a.m_flow > 0 then
               Medium.dynamicViscosity(medium_a.state)
          else
               Medium.dynamicViscosity(medium_b.state);
    // use eta in the pressure drop equation: port_a.m_flow = f(dp, eta)
  end ShortPipe;

Note, "Medium.DynamicViscosity" is a type defined in Modelica.Interfaces.PartialMedium as

  import SI = Modelica.SIunits;
  type DynamicViscosity = SI.DynamicViscosity (
                                     min=0,
                                     max=1.e8,
                                     nominal=1.e-3,
                                     start=1.e-3);

Every medium model may modify the attributes, to provide, e.g., min, max, nominal, and start values adapted to the medium. Also, other types, such as AbsolutePressure, Density, MassFlowRate, etc. are defined in PartialMedium. Whenever possible, these medium specific types should be used in a model in order that medium information, e.g., about nominal or start values, are automatically utilized.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Constants Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Constants


Every medium model provides the following constants. For example, if a medium is declared as:

   replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialMedium;

then constants "Medium.mediumName", "Medium.nX", etc. are defined:

Type Name Description
StringmediumName Unique name of the medium (is usually used to check whether the media in different components connected together are the same, by providing Medium.mediumName as quantity attribute of the mass flow rate in the connector)
StringsubstanceNames[nS] Names of the substances that make up the medium. If only one substance is present, substanceNames = {mediumName}.
StringextraPropertiesNames[nC] Names of the extra transported substances, outside of mass and energy balances.
BooleansingleState = true, if u and d are not a function of pressure, and thus only a function of a single thermal variable (temperature or enthalpy) and of Xi for a multiple substance medium. Usually, this flag is true for incompressible media. It is used in a model to determine whether 1+nXi (singleState=true) or 2+nXi (singleState=false) initial conditions have to be provided for a volume element that contains mass and energy balance.
AbsolutePressurereference_p Reference pressure for the medium
MassFractionreference_X[nX] Reference composition for the medium
AbsolutePressurep_default Default value for pressure of medium (for initialization)
TemperatureT_default Default value for temperature of medium (for initialization)
SpecificEnthalpyh_default Default value for specific enthalpy of medium (for initialization)
MassFractionX_default[nX] Default value for mass fractions of medium (for initialization)
IntegernS number of substances contained in the medium.
IntegernX Size of the full mass fraction vector X nX=nS.
IntegernXi Number of independent mass fractions. If there is a single substance, then nXi = 0.
BooleanreducedX = true, if the medium has a single substance, or if the medium model has multiple substances and contains the equation sum(X) = 1. In both cases, nXi = nS - 1 (unless fixedX = true).
= false, if the medium has multiple substances and does not contain the equation sum(X)=1, i.e., nXi = nX = nS (unless fixedX = true).
BooleanfixedX = false: the composition of the medium can vary, and is determined by nXi independent mass fractions (see reducedX above).
= true: the composition of the medium is always reference_X, and nXi = 0.
FluidConstantsfluidConstants[nS] Critical, triple, molecular and other standard data that are provided for every substance of a medium.

The record FluidConstants that is defined in PartialMedium contains the following elements

Type Name Description
String iupacName complete IUPAC name
String casRegistryNumber chemical abstracts sequencing number
String chemicalFormula Chemical formula, (brutto, nomenclature according to Hill)
String structureFormula Chemical structure formula
MolarMass molarMass molar mass

This record is extended in the partial packages further down the hierarchy (such as PartialTwoPhaseMedium or PartialMixtureMedium) and may contain some or all of the following elements

Temperature criticalTemperature critical temperature
AbsolutePressure criticalPressure critical pressure
MolarVolume criticalMolarVolume critical molar Volume
Real acentricFactor Pitzer acentric factor
Temperature triplePointTemperature triple point temperature
AbsolutePressure triplePointPressure triple point pressure
Temperature meltingPoint melting point at 101325 Pa
Temperature normalBoilingPoint normal boiling point (at 101325 Pa)
DipoleMoment dipoleMoment dipole moment of molecule in Debye (1 debye = 3.33564e10-30 C.m)
Boolean hasIdealGasHeatCapacity true if ideal gas heat capacity is available
Boolean hasCriticalData true if critical data are known
Boolean hasDipoleMoment true if a dipole moment known
Boolean hasFundamentalEquation true if a fundamental equation
Boolean hasLiquidHeatCapacity true if liquid heat capacity is available
Boolean hasSolidHeatCapacity true if solid heat capacity is available
Boolean hasAccurateViscosityData true if accurate data for a viscosity function is available
Boolean hasAccurateConductivityData true if accurate data for thermal conductivity is available
Boolean hasVapourPressureCurve true if vapour pressure data, e.g., Antoine coefficents are known
Boolean hasAcentricFactor true if Pitzer accentric factor is known
SpecificEnthalpy HCRIT0 Critical specific enthalpy of the fundamental equation
SpecificEntropy SCRIT0 Critical specific entropy of the fundamental equation
SpecificEnthalpy deltah Difference between specific enthalpy model (h_m) and f.eq. (h_f) (h_m - h_f)
SpecificEntropy deltas Difference between specific enthalpy model (s_m) and f.eq. (s_f) (s_m - s_f)

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.TwoPhase Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.TwoPhase


Models for media which can exist in one-phase or two-phase conditions inherit from Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialTwoPhaseMedium (which inherits from PartialMedium). The basic usage of these media models is the same as described in the previous sections. However, additional functionalities are provided, which apply only to potentially two-phase media.

The following additional medium constants are provided:

Type Name Description
Boolean smoothModel If this flag is false (default value), then events are triggered whenever the saturation boundary is crossed; otherwise, no events are generated.
Boolean onePhase If this flag is true, then the medium model assumes it will be never called in the two-phase region. This can be useful to speed up the computations in a two-phase medium, when the user is sure it will always work in the one-phase region. Default value: false.

The setState_ph(), setState_ps(), setState_dT() and setState_pT() functions have one extra input, named phase. If the phase input is not specified, or if it is given a value of zero, then the setState function will determine the phase, based on the other input values. An input phase = 1 will force the setState function to return a state vector corresponding to a one-phase state, while phase = 2 will force the setState value to return a state vector corresponding to a two-phase state, as shown in the following example;

   replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialTwoPhaseMedium;
   Medium.ThermodynamicState state, state1, state2;
 equation
   // Set the state, given the pressure and the specific enthalpy
   // the phase is determined by the (p, h) values, and can be retrieved
   // from the state record
   state = Medium.setState_ph(p, h);
   phase = state1.phase;

   // Force the computation of the state with one-phase
   // equations of state, irrespective of the (p, h) values
   state1 = Medium.setState_ph(p, h, 1);

   // Force the computation of the state with 2-phase
   // equations of state, irrespective of the (p, h) values
   state2 = Medium.setState_ph(p, h, 2);

This feature can be used for the following purposes:

Many additional optional functions are defined to compute properties of saturated media, either liquid (bubble point) or vapour (dew point). The argument to such functions is a SaturationProperties record, which can be set starting from either the saturation pressure or the saturation temperature, as shown in the following example.

   replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialTwoPhaseMedium;
   Medium.SaturationProperties sat_p;
   Medium.SaturationProperties sat_T;
 equation
   // Set sat_p to saturation properties at pressure p
   sat_p = Medium.setSat_p(p);

   // Compute saturation properties at pressure p
   saturationTemperature_p = Medium.saturationTemperature_sat(sat_p);
   bubble_density_p =        Medium.bubbleDensity(sat_p);
   dew_enthalpy_p   =        Medium.dewEnthalpy(sat_p);

   // Set sat_T to saturation properties at temperature T
   sat_T = Medium.setSat_T(T);

   // Compute saturation properties at temperature T
   saturationTemperature_T = Medium.saturationPressure_sat(sat_T);
   bubble_density_T =        Medium.bubbleDensity(sat_T);
   dew_enthalpy_T =          Medium.dewEnthalpy(sat_T);

With reference to a model defining a pressure p, a temperature T, and a SaturationProperties record sat, the following functions are provided:

Function call Unit Description
Medium.saturationPressure(T) Pa Saturation pressure at temperature T
Medium.saturationTemperature(p) K Saturation temperature at pressure p
Medium.saturationTemperature_derp(p) K/Pa Derivative of saturation temperature with respect to pressure
Medium.saturationTemperature_sat(sat) K Saturation temperature
Medium.saturationPressure_sat(sat) Pa Saturation pressure
Medium.bubbleEnthalpy(sat) J/kg Specific enthalpy at bubble point
Medium.dewEnthalpy(sat) J/kg Specific enthalpy at dew point
Medium.bubbleEntropy(sat) J/(kg.K) Specific entropy at bubble point
Medium.dewEntropy(sat) J/(kg.K) Specific entropy at dew point
Medium.bubbleDensity(sat) kg/m3 Density at bubble point
Medium.dewDensity(sat) kg/m3 Density at dew point
Medium.saturationTemperature_derp_sat(sat) K/Pa Derivative of saturation temperature with respect to pressure
Medium.dBubbleDensity_dPressure(sat) kg/(m3.Pa) Derivative of density at bubble point with respect to pressure
Medium.dDewDensity_dPressure(sat) kg/(m3.Pa) Derivative of density at dew point with respect to pressure
Medium.dBubbleEnthalpy_dPressure(sat) J/(kg.Pa) Derivative of specific enthalpy at bubble point with respect to pressure
Medium.dDewEnthalpy_dPressure(sat) J/(kg.Pa) Derivative of specific enthalpy at dew point with respect to pressure
Medium.surfaceTension(sat) N/m Surface tension between liquid and vapour phase

Sometimes it can be necessary to compute fluid properties in the thermodynamic plane, just inside or outside the saturation dome. In this case, it is possible to obtain an instance of a ThermodynamicState state vector, and then use it to call the additional functions already defined for one-phase media.

Function call Description
Medium.setBubbleState(sat, phase) Obtain the thermodynamic state vector corresponding to the bubble point. If phase==1 (default), the state is on the one-phase side; if phase==2, the state is on the two-phase side
Medium.setDewState(sat, phase) Obtain the thermodynamic state vector corresponding to the dew point. If phase==1 (default), the state is on the one-phase side; if phase==2, the state is on the two-phase side

Here are some examples:

   replaceable package Medium = Modelica.Media.Interfaces.PartialTwoPhaseMedium;
   Medium.SaturationProperties sat;
   Medium.ThermodynamicState   dew_1;    // dew point, one-phase side
   Medium.ThermodynamicState   bubble_2; // bubble point, two phase side
 equation
   // Set sat to saturation properties at pressure p
   sat = setSat_p(p);

   // Compute dew point properties, (default) one-phase side
   dew_1 = setDewState(sat);
   cpDew = Medium.specificHeatCapacityCp(dew_1);
   drho_dp_h_1 = Medium.density_derp_h(dew_1);

   // Compute bubble point properties, two-phase side
   bubble_2    = setBubbleState(sat, 2);
   drho_dp_h_2 = Medium.density_derp_h(bubble_2);

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Initialization Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.Initialization



When a medium model is used in a balance volume, differential equations for the independent medium variables are present and therefore initial conditions have to be provided. The following possibilities exist:

Steady state initialization

Modelica has currently no language element to define steady state initialization. In the Modelica simulation environment Dymola, the option

   Advanced.DefaultSteadyStateInitialization = true
can be set before translation. Then, missing initial conditions are provided by automamtically setting appropriate state derivatives to zero.

Explicit start values or initial equations

Explicit start values can be defined with the "start" and "fixed" attributes. The number of independent variables nx need to be known which can be deduced from the medium constants (nx = nXi + if singleState then 1 else 2). Then, start values or initial equations can be defined for nx variables (= p, T, d, u, h, Xi) from Medium.BaseProperties, e.g., in the form:

     replaceable package Medium = Medium.Interfaces.PartialMedium;
     Medium.BaseProperties medium1 (p(start=1e5, fixed=not Medium.singleState),
                                    T(start=300, fixed=true));
     Medium.BaseProperties medium2;
  initial equation
     if not Medium.singleState then
        medium2.p = 1e5;
     end if;
     medium2.T = 300;
  equation
  
If initial conditions are not provided for the independent medium variables, non-linear systems of equations may occur to compute the initial values of the independent medium variables from the provided initial conditions.

Guess values

If non-linear systems of equations occur during initialization, e.g., in case of steady state initialization, guess values for the iteration variables of the non-linear system of equations have to be provided via the "start" attribute (and fixed=false). Unfortunately, it is usually not known in advance which variables are selected as iteration variables of a non-linear system of equations. One of the following possibilies exist:

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Information (Icon for general information packages).


Automatically generated Fri Nov 12 16:31:25 2010.