Modelica.Media.Water

Information

This package contains different medium models for water:

• ConstantPropertyLiquidWater
  Simple liquid water medium (incompressible, constant data).
• IdealSteam
  Steam water medium as ideal gas from Media.IdealGases.SingleGases.H2O
• WaterIF97 derived models
  High precision water model according to the IAPWS/IF97 standard (liquid, steam, two phase region). Models with different independent variables are provided as well as models valid only for particular regions. The WaterIF97_ph model is valid in all regions and is the recommended one to use.

Overview of WaterIF97 derived water models

The WaterIF97 models calculate medium properties for water in the liquid, gas and two phase regions according to the IAPWS/IF97 standard, i.e., the accepted industrial standard and best compromise between accuracy and computation time. It has been part of the ThermoFluid Modelica library and been extended, reorganized and documented to become part of the Modelica Standard library.

An important feature that distinguishes this implementation of the IF97 steam property standard is that this implementation has been explicitly designed to work well in dynamic simulations. Computational performance has been of high importance. This means that there often exist several ways to get the same result from different functions if one of the functions is called often but can be optimized for that purpose.

Three variable pairs can be the independent variables of the model:

1. Pressure p and specific enthalpy h are the most natural choice for general applications. This is the recommended choice for most general purpose applications, in particular for power plants.
2. Pressure p and temperature T are the most natural choice for applications where water is always in the same phase, both for liquid water and steam.
3. Density d and temperature T are explicit variables of the Helmholtz function in the near-critical region and can be the best choice for applications with super-critical or near-critial states.

The following quantities are always computed in Medium.Baseproperties:

In some cases additional medium properties are needed. A component that needs these optional properties has to call one of the following functions:

More details are given in Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.OptionalProperties. Many additional optional functions are defined to compute properties of saturated media, either liquid (bubble point) or vapour (dew point). The argument to such functions is a SaturationProperties record, which can be set starting from either the saturation pressure or the saturation temperature. With reference to a model defining a pressure p, a temperature T, and a SaturationProperties record sat, the following functions are provided:

Function call	Unit	Description
Medium.saturationPressure(T)	Pa	Saturation pressure at temperature T
Medium.saturationTemperature(p)	K	Saturation temperature at pressure p
Medium.saturationTemperature_derp(p)	K/Pa	Derivative of saturation temperature with respect to pressure
Medium.bubbleEnthalpy(sat)	J/kg	Specific enthalpy at bubble point
Medium.dewEnthalpy(sat)	J/kg	Specific enthalpy at dew point
Medium.bubbleEntropy(sat)	J/(kg.K)	Specific entropy at bubble point
Medium.dewEntropy(sat)	J/(kg.K)	Specific entropy at dew point
Medium.bubbleDensity(sat)	kg/m3	Density at bubble point
Medium.dewDensity(sat)	kg/m3	Density at dew point
Medium.dBubbleDensity_dPressure(sat)	kg/(m3.Pa)	Derivative of density at bubble point with respect to pressure
Medium.dDewDensity_dPressure(sat)	kg/(m3.Pa)	Derivative of density at dew point with respect to pressure
Medium.dBubbleEnthalpy_dPressure(sat)	J/(kg.Pa)	Derivative of specific enthalpy at bubble point with respect to pressure
Medium.dDewEnthalpy_dPressure(sat)	J/(kg.Pa)	Derivative of specific enthalpy at dew point with respect to pressure
Medium.surfaceTension(sat)	N/m	Surface tension between liquid and vapour phase

Details on usage and some examples are given in: Modelica.Media.UsersGuide.MediumUsage.TwoPhase.

Many further properties can be computed. Using the well-known Bridgman's Tables, all first partial derivatives of the standard thermodynamic variables can be computed easily.

The documentation of the IAPWS/IF97 steam properties can be freely distributed with computer implementations and are included here (in directory Modelica\help\Documentation\IF97documentation):

• IF97.pdf The standards document for the main part of the IF97.
• Back3.pdf The backwards equations for region 3.
• crits.pdf The critical point data.
• meltsub.pdf The melting- and sublimation line formulation (not implemented)
• surf.pdf The surface tension standard definition
• thcond.pdf The thermal conductivity standard definition
• visc.pdf The viscosity standard definition

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Library (Icon for library).

Package Content

Name	Description
waterConstants
simpleWaterConstants
ConstantPropertyLiquidWater	Water: Simple liquid water medium (incompressible, constant data)
IdealSteam	Water: Steam as ideal gas from NASA source
WaterIF97OnePhase_ph	Water using the IF97 standard, explicit in p and h, and only valid outside the two-phase dome
WaterIF97_ph	Water using the IF97 standard, explicit in p and h
WaterIF97_base	Water: Steam properties as defined by IAPWS/IF97 standard
WaterIF97_fixedregion	Water: Steam properties as defined by IAPWS/IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R1ph	region 1 (liquid) water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R2ph	region 2 (steam) water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R3ph	region 3 water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R4ph	region 4 water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R5ph	region 5 water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R1pT	region 1 (liquid) water according to IF97 standard
WaterIF97_R2pT	region 2 (steam) water according to IF97 standard
IF97_Utilities	Low level and utility computation for high accuracy water properties according to the IAPWS/IF97 standard

Types and constants

  constant Interfaces.PartialTwoPhaseMedium.FluidConstants[1] waterConstants(
     each chemicalFormula = "H2O",
     each structureFormula="H2O",
     each casRegistryNumber="7732-18-5",
     each iupacName="oxidane",
     each molarMass=0.018015268,
     each criticalTemperature=647.096,
     each criticalPressure=22064.0e3,
     each criticalMolarVolume=1/322.0*0.018015268,
     each normalBoilingPoint=373.124,
     each meltingPoint=273.15,
     each triplePointTemperature=273.16,
     each triplePointPressure=611.657,
     each acentricFactor = 0.344,
     each dipoleMoment = 1.8,
     each hasCriticalData=true);

  constant Interfaces.PartialMedium.FluidConstants[1] simpleWaterConstants(
     each chemicalFormula = "H2O",
     each structureFormula="H2O",
     each casRegistryNumber="7732-18-5",
     each iupacName="oxidane",
     each molarMass=0.018015268);

package StandardWater = WaterIF97_ph 
  "Water using the IF97 standard, explicit in p and h. Recommended for most applications";

package StandardWaterOnePhase = WaterIF97_pT 
  "Water using the IF97 standard, explicit in p and T. Recommended for one-phase applications";

package WaterIF97_pT 
  "Water using the IF97 standard, explicit in p and T"
  extends WaterIF97_base(
    ThermoStates = Choices.IndependentVariables.pT,
    final ph_explicit=false,
    final dT_explicit=false,
    final pT_explicit=true,
    final smoothModel=true,
    final onePhase=true);
end WaterIF97_pT;