Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal

Information

This package contains electrical components with idealized behaviour:

Extends from Modelica.Icons.Library (Icon for library).

Package Content

Name	Description
IdealThyristor	Ideal thyristor
IdealGTOThyristor	Ideal GTO thyristor
IdealCommutingSwitch	Ideal commuting switch
IdealIntermediateSwitch	Ideal intermediate switch
ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch	Controlled ideal commuting switch
ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch	Controlled ideal intermediate switch
IdealOpAmp	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)
IdealOpAmp3Pin	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins
IdealOpAmpLimited	Ideal operational amplifier with limitation
IdealDiode	Ideal diode
IdealTransformer	Ideal transformer core with or without magnetization
IdealGyrator	Ideal gyrator
Idle	Idle branch
Short	Short cut branch
IdealOpeningSwitch	Ideal electrical opener
IdealClosingSwitch	Ideal electrical closer
ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical opener
ControlledIdealClosingSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical closer
OpenerWithArc	Ideal opening switch with simple arc model
CloserWithArc	Ideal closing switch with simple arc model
ControlledOpenerWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical opener with simple arc model
ControlledCloserWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical closer with simple arc model

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor

Information

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened thyristor has a small conductance Goff and the closed thyristor has a low resistance Ron which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Goff-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened thyristor conductance [S]
Voltage	Vknee		Forward threshold voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	fire

Modelica definition

model IdealThyristor "Ideal thyristor"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Closed thyristor resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened thyristor conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee(final min=0, start=0) 
    "Forward threshold voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput fire;
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") 
    "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  off = s < 0 or pre(off) and not fire;
  v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if off then 1 else Ron) + Vknee;
  i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if off then Goff else 1) + Goff*Vknee;
  LossPower = v*i;
end IdealThyristor;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealGTOThyristor

Information

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened thyristor has a small conductance Goff and the closed thyristor has a low resistance Ron which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Goff-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened thyristor conductance [S]
Voltage	Vknee		Forward threshold voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	fire

Modelica definition

model IdealGTOThyristor "Ideal GTO thyristor"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Closed thyristor resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened thyristor conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee(final min=0, start=0) 
    "Forward threshold voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput fire;
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") 
    "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  off = s < 0 or not fire;
  v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if off then 1 else Ron) + Vknee;
  i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if off then Goff else 1) + Goff*Vknee;
  LossPower = v*i;
end IdealGTOThyristor;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealCommutingSwitch

Information

The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the inpug signal control. If control is true, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected to the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n2
NegativePin	n1
input BooleanInput	control	true => p--n2 connected, false => p--n1 connected

Modelica definition

model IdealCommutingSwitch "Ideal commuting switch"
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n2;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n1;
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "true => p--n2 connected, false => p--n1 connected";
protected 
  Real s1(final unit="1");
  Real s2(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variables";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  0 = p.i + n2.i + n1.i;

  p.v - n1.v = (s1*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then 1 else Ron);
  n1.i = -(s1*unitVoltage)*(if (control) then Goff else 1);
  p.v - n2.v = (s2*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then Ron else 1);
  n2.i = -(s2*unitVoltage)*(if (control) then 1 else Goff);
  LossPower = p.i * p.v + n1.i *n1.v + n2.i * n2.v;
end IdealCommutingSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealIntermediateSwitch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and p2 is connected to n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p1
PositivePin	p2
NegativePin	n1
NegativePin	n2
input BooleanInput	control	true => p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected

Modelica definition

model IdealIntermediateSwitch "Ideal intermediate switch"
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Interfaces.PositivePin p1;
  Interfaces.PositivePin p2;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n1;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n2;
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "true => p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2  connected";
protected 
  Real s1(final unit="1");
  Real s2(final unit="1");
  Real s3(final unit="1");
  Real s4(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variables";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  p1.v - n1.v = (s1*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then 1 else Ron);
  p2.v - n2.v = (s2*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then 1 else Ron);
  p1.v - n2.v = (s3*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then Ron else 1);
  p2.v - n1.v = (s4*unitCurrent)*(if (control) then Ron else 1);

  p1.i = if control then s1*unitVoltage*Goff + s3*unitCurrent else s1*unitCurrent + s3*unitVoltage*Goff;
  p2.i = if control then s2*unitVoltage*Goff + s4*unitCurrent else s2*unitCurrent + s4*unitVoltage*Goff;
  n1.i = if control then -s1*unitVoltage*Goff - s4*unitCurrent else -s1*unitCurrent - s4*unitVoltage*Goff;
  n2.i = if control then -s2*unitVoltage*Goff - s3*unitCurrent else -s2*unitCurrent - s3*unitVoltage*Goff;

  LossPower = p1.i * p1.v + p2.i * p2.v + n1.i *n1.v + n2.i * n2.v;
end IdealIntermediateSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch

Information

The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n2
NegativePin	n1
Pin	control	Control pin: if control.v > level p--n2 connected, otherwise p--n1 connected

Modelica definition

model ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch 
  "Controlled ideal commuting switch"
  parameter SI.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n2;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n1;
  Interfaces.Pin control 
    "Control pin: if control.v > level p--n2 connected, otherwise p--n1 connected";
protected 
  Real s1(final unit="1");
  Real s2(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variables";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  control.i = 0;
  0 = p.i + n2.i + n1.i;

  p.v - n1.v = (s1*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron);
  n1.i = -(s1*unitVoltage)*(if (control.v > level) then Goff else 1);
  p.v - n2.v = (s2*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1);
  n2.i = -(s2*unitVoltage)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Goff);
  LossPower = p.i * p.v + n1.i *n1.v + n2.i * n2.v;
end ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and p2 is connected to n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p1
PositivePin	p2
NegativePin	n1
NegativePin	n2
Pin	control	Control pin: if control.v > level p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected

Modelica definition

model ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch 
  "Controlled ideal intermediate switch"
  parameter SI.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Interfaces.PositivePin p1;
  Interfaces.PositivePin p2;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n1;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n2;
  Interfaces.Pin control "Control pin: if control.v > level p1--n2, p2--n1 connected,
         otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2  connected";
protected 
  Real s1(final unit="1");
  Real s2(final unit="1");
  Real s3(final unit="1");
  Real s4(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variables";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  control.i = 0;

  p1.v - n1.v = (s1*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron);
  p2.v - n2.v = (s2*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron);
  p1.v - n2.v = (s3*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1);
  p2.v - n1.v = (s4*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1);

  p1.i = if control.v > level then s1*unitVoltage*Goff + s3*unitCurrent else s1*unitCurrent + s3*unitVoltage*Goff;
  p2.i = if control.v > level then s2*unitVoltage*Goff + s4*unitCurrent else s2*unitCurrent + s4*unitVoltage*Goff;
  n1.i = if control.v > level then -s1*unitVoltage*Goff - s4*unitCurrent else -s1*unitCurrent - s4*unitVoltage*Goff;
  n2.i = if control.v > level then -s2*unitVoltage*Goff - s3*unitCurrent else -s2*unitCurrent - s3*unitVoltage*Goff;

  LossPower = p1.i * p1.v + p2.i * p2.v + n1.i *n1.v + n2.i * n2.v;
end ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp

Information

The ideal OpAmp is a two-port. The left port is fixed to v1=0 and i1=0 (nullator). At the right port both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible (norator).

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p1	Positive pin of the left port
NegativePin	n1	Negative pin of the left port
PositivePin	p2	Positive pin of the right port
NegativePin	n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica definition

model IdealOpAmp 
  "Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)"
  SI.Voltage v1 "Voltage drop over the left port";
  SI.Voltage v2 "Voltage drop over the right port";
  SI.Current i1 "Current flowing from pos. to neg. pin of the left port";
  SI.Current i2 "Current flowing from pos. to neg. pin of the right port";
  Interfaces.PositivePin p1 "Positive pin of the left port";
  Interfaces.NegativePin n1 "Negative pin of the left port";
  Interfaces.PositivePin p2 "Positive pin of the right port";
  Interfaces.NegativePin n2 "Negative pin of the right port";
equation 
  v1 = p1.v - n1.v;
  v2 = p2.v - n2.v;
  0 = p1.i + n1.i;
  0 = p2.i + n2.i;
  i1 = p1.i;
  i2 = p2.i;
  v1 = 0;
  i1 = 0;
end IdealOpAmp;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp3Pin

Information

The ideal OpAmp with three pins is of exactly the same behaviour as the ideal OpAmp with four pins. Only the negative output pin is left out. Both the input voltage and current are fixed to zero (nullator). At the output pin both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible.

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	in_p	Positive pin of the input port
NegativePin	in_n	Negative pin of the input port
PositivePin	out	Output pin

Modelica definition

model IdealOpAmp3Pin 
  "Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins"

  Interfaces.PositivePin in_p "Positive pin of the input port";
  Interfaces.NegativePin in_n "Negative pin of the input port";
  Interfaces.PositivePin out "Output pin";
equation 
  in_p.v = in_n.v;
  in_p.i = 0;
  in_n.i = 0;
end IdealOpAmp3Pin;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmpLimited

Information

The ideal OpAmp with limitation behaves like an ideal OpAmp without limitation, if the output voltage is within the limits (VMin < out.v < VMax). In this case the input voltage vin=in_p.v - in_n.v is zero. If the input voltage is vin < 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMin. If the input voltage is vin > 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMax.

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	in_p	Positive pin of the input port
NegativePin	in_n	Negative pin of the input port
PositivePin	out	Output pin
PositivePin	VMax	Positive output voltage limitation
NegativePin	VMin	Negative output voltage limitation

Modelica definition

model IdealOpAmpLimited "Ideal operational amplifier with limitation"

  Interfaces.PositivePin in_p "Positive pin of the input port";
  Interfaces.NegativePin in_n "Negative pin of the input port";
  Interfaces.PositivePin out "Output pin";
  Interfaces.PositivePin VMax "Positive output voltage limitation";
  Interfaces.NegativePin VMin "Negative output voltage limitation";
  SI.Voltage vin "input voltage";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variable";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;

equation 
  in_p.i = 0;
  in_n.i = 0;
  VMax.i = 0;
  VMin.i = 0;
  vin = in_p.v - in_n.v;
  in_p.v - in_n.v = unitVoltage*smooth(0,(if s < -1 then s + 1 else if s > 1 then s - 1 else 0));
  out.v = smooth(0,if s < -1 then VMin.v else if s > 1 then VMax.v else (VMax.v - VMin.v)*s/2 + (VMax.v + VMin.v)/2);
end IdealOpAmpLimited;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealDiode

Information

This is an ideal switch which is

open (off), if it is reversed biased (voltage drop less than 0)
closed (on), if it is conducting (current > 0).

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero cinductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened diode has a small conductance Gon and the closed diode has a low resistance Roff which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Gon-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Forward state-on differential resistance (closed diode resistance) [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Backward state-off conductance (opened diode conductance) [S]
Voltage	Vknee		Forward threshold voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort

Modelica definition

model IdealDiode "Ideal diode"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Forward state-on differential resistance (closed diode resistance)";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Backward state-off conductance (opened diode conductance)";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vknee(final min=0, start=0) 
    "Forward threshold voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort;
  Boolean off(start=true) "Switching state";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") 
    "Auxiliary variable: if on then current, if opened then voltage";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  off = s < 0;
  v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if off then 1 else Ron) + Vknee;
  i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if off then Goff else 1) + Goff*Vknee;

  LossPower = v*i;
end IdealDiode;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTransformer

Information

The ideal transformer is a two-port circuit element; in case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = false it is characterized by the following equations:

 i2 = -i1*n;
 v2 =  v1/n;

where n is a real number called the turns ratio. Due to this equations, also DC voltages and currents are transformed - which is not the case for technical transformers.

In case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = true it is characterized by the following equations:

 im1  = i1 + i2/n "Magnetizing current w.r.t. primary side";
 psim1= Lm1*im1   "Magnetic flux w.r.t. primary side";
 v1 = der(psim1)  "Primary voltage";
 v2 = v1/n        "Secondary voltage";

where Lm denotes the magnetizing inductance. Due to this equations, the DC offset of secondary voltages and currents decrement according to the time constant defined by the connected circuit.

Taking primary L1sigma and secondary L2ssigma leakage inductances into account, compared with the basic transformer the following parameter conversion can be applied (which leads to identical results):

  L1 = L1sigma + M*n "Primary inductance at secondary no-load";
  L2 = L2sigma + M/n "Secondary inductance at primary no-load";
  M  = Lm1/n         "Mutual inductance";

For the backward conversion, one has to decide about the partitioning of the leakage to primary and secondary side.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.TwoPort (Component with two electrical ports, including current).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	n		Turns ratio primary:secondary voltage
Boolean	considerMagnetization	false
Inductance	Lm1		Magnetization inductance w.r.t. primary side [H]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p1	Positive pin of the left port (potential p1.v > n1.v for positive voltage drop v1)
NegativePin	n1	Negative pin of the left port
PositivePin	p2	Positive pin of the right port (potential p2.v > n2.v for positive voltage drop v2)
NegativePin	n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica definition

model IdealTransformer 
  "Ideal transformer core with or without magnetization"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.TwoPort;
  parameter Real n(start=1) "Turns ratio primary:secondary voltage";
  parameter Boolean considerMagnetization=false;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Inductance Lm1(start=1) 
    "Magnetization inductance w.r.t. primary side";
protected 
  Modelica.SIunits.Current im1 "Magnetization current w.r.t. primary side";
  Modelica.SIunits.MagneticFlux psim1 "Magnetic flux w.r.t primary side";
equation 
  im1 = i1 + i2/n;
  if considerMagnetization then
    psim1 = Lm1*im1;
    v1 = der(psim1);
  else
    psim1= 0;
    im1 = 0;
  end if;
  v1 =  n*v2;
end IdealTransformer;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealGyrator

Information

A gyrator is an ideal two-port element defined by the following equations:

    i1 =  G * v2
    i2 = -G * v1

where the constant G is called the gyration conductance.

Extends from Interfaces.TwoPort (Component with two electrical ports, including current).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Conductance	G		Gyration conductance [S]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p1	Positive pin of the left port (potential p1.v > n1.v for positive voltage drop v1)
NegativePin	n1	Negative pin of the left port
PositivePin	p2	Positive pin of the right port (potential p2.v > n2.v for positive voltage drop v2)
NegativePin	n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica definition

model IdealGyrator "Ideal gyrator"
  extends Interfaces.TwoPort;
  parameter SI.Conductance G(start=1) "Gyration conductance";

equation 
  i1 = G*v2;
  i2 = -G*v1;
end IdealGyrator;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Idle

Information

The model Idle is a simple idle running branch.

Extends from Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n).

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin

Modelica definition

model Idle "Idle branch"
  extends Interfaces.OnePort;
equation 
  i = 0;
end Idle;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Short

Information

The model Short is a simple short cut branch.

Extends from Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n).

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin

Modelica definition

model Short "Short cut branch"
  extends Interfaces.OnePort;
equation 
  v = 0;
end Short;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpeningSwitch

Information

The ideal opening switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	control	true => switch open, false => p--n connected

Modelica definition

model IdealOpeningSwitch "Ideal electrical opener"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "true => switch open, false => p--n connected";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variable";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if control then 1 else Ron);
  i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if control then Goff else 1);

  LossPower = v*i;
end IdealOpeningSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealClosingSwitch

Information

The ideal closing switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by input signal control. If control is true, pin p is connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is not connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	control	true => p--n connected, false => switch open

Modelica definition

model IdealClosingSwitch "Ideal electrical closer"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "true => p--n connected, false => switch open";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variable";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if control then Ron else 1);
  i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if control then 1 else Goff);

  LossPower = v*i;
end IdealClosingSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch

Information

The ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n
Pin	control	Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected

Modelica definition

model ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch 
  "Controlled ideal electrical opener"

  parameter SI.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Interfaces.NegativePin n;
  Interfaces.Pin control 
    "Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variable";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  control.i = 0;
  0 = p.i + n.i;
  p.v - n.v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Ron);
  p.i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if (control.v > level) then Goff else 1);

  LossPower = (p.v - n.v)*p.i;
end ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealClosingSwitch

Information

The closing ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is not connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n
Pin	control	Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open

Modelica definition

model ControlledIdealClosingSwitch 
  "Controlled ideal electrical closer"

  parameter SI.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter SI.Resistance Ron(final min=0) = 1.E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter SI.Conductance Goff(final min=0) = 1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.NegativePin n;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.Pin control 
    "Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open";
protected 
  Real s(final unit="1") "Auxiliary variable";
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
equation 
  control.i = 0;
  0 = p.i + n.i;
  p.v - n.v = (s*unitCurrent)*(if (control.v > level) then Ron else 1);
  p.i = (s*unitVoltage)*(if (control.v > level) then 1 else Goff);

  LossPower = (p.v - n.v)*p.i;
end ControlledIdealClosingSwitch;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.OpenerWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealOpeningSwitch.

The basic model interupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the swicth is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the Boolean input control signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e. the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the Boolean input control signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e. the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Voltage	V0	30	Initial arc voltage [V]
VoltageSlope	dVdt	10E3	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Voltage	Vmax	60	Max. arc voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	control	false => p--n connected, true => switch open

Modelica definition

model OpenerWithArc "Ideal opening switch with simple arc model"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron= 1E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff=1E-5 "Opened switch conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage V0=30 "Initial arc voltage";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.VoltageSlope dVdt=10E3 "Arc voltage slope";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vmax=60 "Max. arc voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "false => p--n connected, true => switch open";

protected 
  Boolean off=control;
  Boolean on=not off;
  discrete Modelica.SIunits.Time tSwitch;
  Boolean quenched;
equation 
  when edge(off) then
    tSwitch=time;
  end when;
  quenched=off and (abs(i)<=abs(v)*Goff or pre(quenched));
  if on then
    v=Ron*i;
  else
    if quenched then
      i=Goff*v;
    else
      v=min(Vmax, V0 + dVdt*(time - tSwitch))*sign(i);
    end if;
  end if;
 LossPower = v*i;
end OpenerWithArc;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.CloserWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealClosingSwitch.

The basic model interupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the swicth is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the Boolean input control signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e. the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the Boolean input control signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e. the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort (Component with two electrical pins p and n and current i from p to n), Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Resistance	Ron	1E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Voltage	V0	30	Initial arc voltage [V]
VoltageSlope	dVdt	10E3	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Voltage	Vmax	60	Max. arc voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
PositivePin	p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
NegativePin	n	Negative pin
HeatPort_a	heatPort
input BooleanInput	control	true => p--n connected, false => switch open

Modelica definition

model CloserWithArc "Ideal closing switch with simple arc model"
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.OnePort;
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron= 1E-5 "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff=1E-5 "Opened switch conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage V0=30 "Initial arc voltage";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.VoltageSlope dVdt=10E3 "Arc voltage slope";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vmax=60 "Max. arc voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput control 
    "true => p--n connected, false => switch open";

protected 
  Boolean on=control;
  Boolean off=not on;
  discrete Modelica.SIunits.Time tSwitch;
  Boolean quenched;
equation 
  when edge(off) then
    tSwitch=time;
  end when;
  quenched=off and (abs(i)<=abs(v)*Goff or pre(quenched));
  if on then
    v=Ron*i;
  else
    if quenched then
      i=Goff*v;
    else
      v=min(Vmax, V0 + dVdt*(time - tSwitch))*sign(i);
    end if;
  end if;
LossPower = v*i;
end CloserWithArc;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledOpenerWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealOpeningSwitch.

The basic model interupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the swicth is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the control pin voltage control.v signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e. the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the control pin control.v signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e. the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Voltage	V0	30	Initial arc voltage [V]
VoltageSlope	dVdt	10E3	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Voltage	Vmax	60	Max. arc voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n
Pin	control	Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected

Modelica definition

model ControlledOpenerWithArc 
  "Controlled ideal electrical opener with simple arc model"

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron(final min=0)=1.E-5 
    "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff(final min=0)=1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage V0=30 "Initial arc voltage";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.VoltageSlope dVdt=10E3 "Arc voltage slope";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vmax=60 "Max. arc voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.NegativePin n;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.Pin control 
    "Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected";
  Modelica.SIunits.Current i;
  Modelica.SIunits.Voltage v;
protected 
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
  Boolean off=(control.v > level);
  Boolean on=not off;
  discrete Modelica.SIunits.Time tSwitch;
  Boolean quenched;
equation 
  control.i = 0;
  0 = p.i + n.i;
  i = p.i;
  p.v - n.v = v;

  when edge(off) then
    tSwitch=time;
  end when;
  quenched=off and (abs(i)<=abs(v)*Goff or pre(quenched));
  if on then
    v=Ron*i;
  else
    if quenched then
      i=Goff*v;
    else
      v=min(Vmax, V0 + dVdt*(time - tSwitch))*sign(i);
    end if;
  end if;
 LossPower = v*i;
end ControlledOpenerWithArc;

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledCloserWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealClosingSwitch.

The basic model interupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the swicth is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the control pin voltage control.v signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e. the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the control pin control.v signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e. the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Extends from Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort (Partial model to include a conditional HeatPort in order to describe the power loss via a thermal network).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Voltage	level	0.5	Switch level [V]
Resistance	Ron	1.E-5	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Conductance	Goff	1.E-5	Opened switch conductance [S]
Voltage	V0	30	Initial arc voltage [V]
VoltageSlope	dVdt	10E3	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Voltage	Vmax	60	Max. arc voltage [V]
Boolean	useHeatPort	false	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
Temperature	T	293.15	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
HeatPort_a	heatPort
PositivePin	p
NegativePin	n
Pin	control	Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open

Modelica definition

model ControlledCloserWithArc 
  "Controlled ideal electrical closer with simple arc model"

  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage level=0.5 "Switch level";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Resistance Ron(final min=0)=1.E-5 
    "Closed switch resistance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Conductance Goff(final min=0)=1.E-5 
    "Opened switch conductance";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage V0=30 "Initial arc voltage";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.VoltageSlope dVdt=10E3 "Arc voltage slope";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Voltage Vmax=60 "Max. arc voltage";
  extends Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.ConditionalHeatPort(final T=293.15);
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.PositivePin p;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.NegativePin n;
  Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces.Pin control 
    "Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open";
  Modelica.SIunits.Current i;
  Modelica.SIunits.Voltage v;
protected 
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Voltage unitVoltage= 1;
  constant Modelica.SIunits.Current unitCurrent= 1;
  Boolean off=(control.v < level);
  Boolean on=not off;
  discrete Modelica.SIunits.Time tSwitch;
  Boolean quenched;
equation 
  control.i = 0;
  0 = p.i + n.i;
  i = p.i;
  p.v - n.v = v;

  when edge(off) then
    tSwitch=time;
  end when;
  quenched=off and (abs(i)<=abs(v)*Goff or pre(quenched));
  if on then
    v=Ron*i;
  else
    if quenched then
      i=Goff*v;
    else
      v=min(Vmax, V0 + dVdt*(time - tSwitch))*sign(i);
    end if;
  end if;
 LossPower = v*i;
end ControlledCloserWithArc;