Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds

Package with models to simulate blinds behaviors in office buildings

Information

This package contains models to simulate blinds behaviors in office buildings.

Extends from Modelica.Icons.VariantsPackage (Icon for package containing variants).

Package Content

Name	Description
Haldi2008BlindsTIn	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with indoor temperature
Haldi2008BlindsTOut	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with outdoor temperature
Inkarojrit2008BlindsSolarIntensity	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity (and self-reported brightness sensitivity)
Newsham1994BlindsSolarIntensity	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity
Zhang2012BlindsSolarAltitude	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar altitude
Zhang2012BlindsSolarIntensity	A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity
Validation	Package with examples to validate models in the Blinds package

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Haldi2008BlindsTIn

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with indoor temperature

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Haldi2008BlindsTIn

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the indoor temperature.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, the lower TIn is, the higher the chance that the blind is up.

References

The model is documented in the paper "Haldi, F. and Robinson, D., 2008. On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants. Building and environment, 43(12), pp.2163-2177."

The model parameters are regressed from the field study in eight Swiss office buildings in 2006.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	A	0.425	Slope of indoor temperature [1/K]
Real	B	-11.37	Intercept [1]
Integer	seed	20	Seed for the random number generator
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	TIn	Indoor air temperature [K]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being blinds down [1]

Modelica definition

model Haldi2008BlindsTIn "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with indoor temperature" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real A(final unit="1/K") = 0.425 "Slope of indoor temperature"; parameter Real B(final unit="1") = -11.37 "Intercept"; parameter Integer seed = 20 "Seed for the random number generator"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput TIn( final unit="K", displayUnit="degC") "Indoor air temperature"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being blinds down"; Real pDown( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of lowering the blinds"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; Real curSeed "Current value for seed as a real-valued variable"; initial equation t0 = time; blindState = 0; pDown = 0; curSeed = t0*seed; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then curSeed = seed*time; if occ then pDown = 1-Modelica.Math.exp(A*(TIn-273.15)+B)/(Modelica.Math.exp(A*(TIn-273.15)+B)+1); if Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pDown, globalSeed=integer(curSeed)) then blindState = 0; else blindState = 1; end if; else pDown = 0; blindState = 1; end if; end when; end Haldi2008BlindsTIn;

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Haldi2008BlindsTOut

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with outdoor temperature

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Haldi2008BlindsTOut

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the outdoor temperature.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, the lower TOut, the higher the chance that the blind is up.

References

The model is documented in the paper "Haldi, F. and Robinson, D., 2008. On the behaviour and adaptation of office occupants. Building and environment, 43(12), pp.2163-2177."

The model parameters are regressed from the field study in eight Swiss office buildings in 2006.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	A	0.139	Slope of outdoor temperature [1/K]
Real	B	-3.54	Intercept [1]
Integer	seed	20	Seed for the random number generator
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	TOut	Outdoor air temperature [K]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being blinds down [1]

Modelica definition

model Haldi2008BlindsTOut "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with outdoor temperature" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real A(final unit="1/K") = 0.139 "Slope of outdoor temperature"; parameter Real B(final unit="1") = -3.54 "Intercept"; parameter Integer seed = 20 "Seed for the random number generator"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput TOut( final unit="K", displayUnit="degC") "Outdoor air temperature"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being blinds down"; Real pDown( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of lowering the blinds"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; Real curSeed "Current value for seed as a real-valued variable"; initial equation t0 = time; blindState = 0; pDown = 0; curSeed = t0*seed; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then curSeed = time*seed; if occ then pDown = 1-Modelica.Math.exp(A*(TOut-273.15)+B)/(Modelica.Math.exp(A*(TOut-273.15)+B)+1); if Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pDown, globalSeed=integer(curSeed)) then blindState = 0; else blindState = 1; end if; else pDown = 0; blindState = 1; end if; end when; end Haldi2008BlindsTOut;

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Inkarojrit2008BlindsSolarIntensity

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity (and self-reported brightness sensitivity)

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Inkarojrit2008BlindsSolarIntensity

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the solar intensity at the window and occupancy.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, the lower the solar intensity, the higher the chance that the blind is up.

References

The model is documented in the paper "Inkarojrit, V., 2008. Monitoring and modelling of manually-controlled Venetian blinds in private offices: a pilot study. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 1(2), pp.75-89."

The model parameters are regressed from the field study in California in 2008 from 113 naturally ventilated buildings.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	A1	3.22	Slope of solar intensity at window
Real	A2	1.22	Slope of Occupants' brightness sensitivity
Real	B	-8.94	Intercept
Integer	seed	10	Seed for the random number generator
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]
Advanced
Real	LSen	4	Self-reported sensitivity to brightness, seven-point scale, 1 for least sensitive, 7 for most sensitive

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	H	Solar intensity [W/m2]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being blinds down [1]

Modelica definition

model Inkarojrit2008BlindsSolarIntensity "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity (and self-reported brightness sensitivity)" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real A1 = 3.22 "Slope of solar intensity at window"; parameter Real A2 = 1.22 "Slope of Occupants' brightness sensitivity"; parameter Real B = -8.94 "Intercept"; parameter Real LSen = 4 "Self-reported sensitivity to brightness, seven-point scale, 1 for least sensitive, 7 for most sensitive"; parameter Integer seed = 10 "Seed for the random number generator"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput H(unit="W/m2") "Solar intensity"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being blinds down"; Real p( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of keeping the blinds on"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; Real curSeed "Current value for seed as a real-valued variable"; initial equation t0 = time; curSeed = t0*seed; blindState = 0; p = 0; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then curSeed = seed*time; if occ then p = 1 - Modelica.Math.exp(A1*Modelica.Math.log10(H) + A2*LSen + B)/( Modelica.Math.exp(A1*Modelica.Math.log10(H) + A2*LSen + B) + 1); if Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p, globalSeed=integer(curSeed)) then blindState = 1; else blindState = 0; end if; else p = 0; blindState = 1; end if; end when; end Inkarojrit2008BlindsSolarIntensity;

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Newsham1994BlindsSolarIntensity

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Newsham1994BlindsSolarIntensity

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the solar intensity at the window and occupancy.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, if the solar intensity is above the threshold, the blinds are up.

References

The model is documented in the paper "Newsham, G.R., 1994. Manual control of window blinds and electric lighting: implications for comfort and energy consumption. Indoor Environment, 3, pp.135-144."

The solar intensity threshold was first identified by a field study in an office building in Japan, and was utilized by Newsham for a simulation study in an office building in Toronto.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	HSet	233	Threshold for moving blinds up or down
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	H	Solar intensity at the room-side of the window [W/m2]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being blinds down [1]

Modelica definition

model Newsham1994BlindsSolarIntensity "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real HSet = 233 "Threshold for moving blinds up or down"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput H(unit="W/m2") "Solar intensity at the room-side of the window"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being blinds down"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; initial equation t0 = time; blindState = 0; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then if occ then if H < HSet then blindState = 1; else blindState = 0; end if; else blindState = 1; end if; end when; end Newsham1994BlindsSolarIntensity;

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Zhang2012BlindsSolarAltitude

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar altitude

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Zhang2012BlindsSolarAltitude

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the solar altitude and occupancy.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, the lower the solar altitude is, the higher the chance that the blind state will be changed, either being turned on or turned off.

References

The model is documented in the paper "Zhang, Y. and Barrett, P., 2012. Factors influencing occupants’ blind-control behaviour in a naturally ventilated office building. Building and Environment, 54, pp.137-147."

The model parameters are regressed from the field study in an office building in Sheffield, England.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	AUp	1.089	Slope of solar altitude for blinds up
Real	ADown	1.031	Slope of solar altitude for blinds down
Real	BUp	-3.446	Intercept for blinds up
Real	BDown	-3.424	Intercept for blinds down
Integer	seed	10	Seed for the random number generator
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	solarAltitude	Solar Altitude [rad]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being up, 0 being down [1]

Modelica definition

model Zhang2012BlindsSolarAltitude "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar altitude" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real AUp = 1.089 "Slope of solar altitude for blinds up"; parameter Real ADown = 1.031 "Slope of solar altitude for blinds down"; parameter Real BUp = -3.446 "Intercept for blinds up"; parameter Real BDown = -3.424 "Intercept for blinds down"; parameter Integer seed = 10 "Seed for the random number generator"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput solarAltitude( unit="rad") "Solar Altitude"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being up, 0 being down"; Real pUp( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of blinds up"; Real pDown( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of blinds down"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; Boolean isOpen "Blind state as a boolean"; Real curSeed "Current value for seed as a real-valued variable"; initial equation t0 = time; curSeed = t0*seed; isOpen = false "Initial state of blinds is deployed"; blindState = if isOpen then 0.0 else 1.0; pUp = 0; pDown = 0; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then curSeed = seed*time; if occ then if not pre(isOpen) then // blindState is either 0 or 1. pUp = 0; pDown = Modelica.Math.exp(ADown*solarAltitude+BDown)/(Modelica.Math.exp(ADown*solarAltitude+BDown)+1); isOpen = Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pDown,globalSeed=integer(curSeed)); else pUp = Modelica.Math.exp(AUp*solarAltitude+BUp)/(Modelica.Math.exp(AUp*solarAltitude+BUp)+1); pDown = 0; isOpen = not Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pUp,globalSeed=integer(curSeed)); end if; else pUp = 0; pDown = 0; isOpen = false; end if; blindState = if isOpen then 0.0 else 1.0; end when; end Zhang2012BlindsSolarAltitude;

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Zhang2012BlindsSolarIntensity

A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity

Buildings.Occupants.Office.Blinds.Zhang2012BlindsSolarIntensity

Information

Model predicting the state of the blinds with the solar intensity at the window and occupancy.

Dynamics

When the space is unoccupied, the blinds are always down. When the space is occupied, the lower the solar intensity, the higher the chance that the blind is up.

References

The model parameters are regressed from the field study in an office building in Sheffield, England.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock (Graphical layout of discrete block component icon).

Parameters

Type	Name	Default	Description
Real	AUp	0.003	Slope of solar intensity for blinds up
Real	ADown	0.002	Slope of solar intensity for blinds down
Real	BUp	-3.33	Intercept for blinds up
Real	BDown	-3.17	Intercept for blinds down
Integer	seed	10	Seed for the random number generator
Time	samplePeriod	120	Sample period [s]

Connectors

Type	Name	Description
input RealInput	H	Solar intensity [W/m2]
input BooleanInput	occ	Indoor occupancy, true for occupied
output RealOutput	blindState	State of blinds, 1 being blinds down [1]

Modelica definition

model Zhang2012BlindsSolarIntensity "A model to predict occupants' blinds behavior with solar intensity" extends Modelica.Blocks.Icons.DiscreteBlock; parameter Real AUp = 0.003 "Slope of solar intensity for blinds up"; parameter Real ADown = 0.002 "Slope of solar intensity for blinds down"; parameter Real BUp = -3.33 "Intercept for blinds up"; parameter Real BDown = -3.17 "Intercept for blinds down"; parameter Integer seed = 10 "Seed for the random number generator"; parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time samplePeriod=120 "Sample period"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput H( unit="W/m2") "Solar intensity"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput occ "Indoor occupancy, true for occupied"; Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput blindState( final min=0, final max=1, final unit="1") "State of blinds, 1 being blinds down"; Real pUp( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of blinds up"; Real pDown( final unit="1", final min=0, final max=1) "The probability of blinds down"; protected parameter Modelica.Units.SI.Time t0(final fixed=false) "First sample time instant"; output Boolean sampleTrigger "True, if sample time instant"; Boolean isOpen "Blind state as a boolean"; Real curSeed "Current value for seed as a real-valued variable"; initial equation t0 = time; curSeed = t0*seed; isOpen = false "Initial state of blinds is deployed"; blindState = if isOpen then 0.0 else 1.0; pUp = 0; pDown = 0; equation sampleTrigger = sample(t0,samplePeriod); when sampleTrigger then curSeed = seed*time; if occ then if pre(isOpen) == false then pUp = 0; pDown = Modelica.Math.exp(ADown*H+BDown)/(Modelica.Math.exp(ADown*H+BDown)+1); isOpen = Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pDown,globalSeed=integer(curSeed)); else pUp = Modelica.Math.exp(AUp*H+BUp)/(Modelica.Math.exp(AUp*H+BUp)+1); pDown = 0; isOpen = not Buildings.Occupants.BaseClasses.binaryVariableGeneration(p=pUp,globalSeed=integer(curSeed)); end if; else pUp = 0; pDown = 0; isOpen = false; end if; blindState = if isOpen then 0.0 else 1.0; end when; end Zhang2012BlindsSolarIntensity;