Buildings.Controls.Continuous

Package with models for discrete time controls

Information


This package contains components models for continuous time controls.
For additional models, see also 

Modelica.Blocks.Discrete.

Package Content

NameDescription
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.Examples Examples Collection of models that illustrate model use and test models
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.NumberOfRequests NumberOfRequests Outputs the number of signals that are above/below a certain threshold
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.OffTimer OffTimer Records the time since the input changed to false
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresis PIDHysteresis PID controller with anti-windup, output limiter and output hysteresis
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresisTimer PIDHysteresisTimer PID controller with anti-windup, hysteresis and timer to prevent short cycling
Buildings.Controls.Continuous.SignalRanker SignalRanker Ranks output signals such that y[i] >= y[i+1]


Buildings.Controls.Continuous.NumberOfRequests Buildings.Controls.Continuous.NumberOfRequests

Outputs the number of signals that are above/below a certain threshold

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.NumberOfRequests

Information


Block whose output is equal to the number of inputs that exceed a threshold.

This model may be used to check how many rooms exceed a temperature threshold.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BlockIcon (Basic graphical layout of input/output block).

Parameters

TypeNameDefaultDescription
Integernin Number of inputs
RealthreShold0Threshold
Integerkind Set to 0 for u>threShold, to 1 for >=, to 2 for <= or to 3 for <

Connectors

TypeNameDescription
output IntegerOutputyNumber of input signals that violate the threshold
input RealInputu[nin]Input signals

Modelica definition

block NumberOfRequests 
  "Outputs the number of signals that are above/below a certain threshold"
   extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BlockIcon;


  parameter Integer nin "Number of inputs";
  parameter Real threShold = 0 "Threshold";
  parameter Integer kind 
    "Set to 0 for u>threShold, to 1 for >=, to 2 for <= or to 3 for <";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.IntegerOutput y 
    "Number of input signals that violate the threshold";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealInput u[nin] "Input signals";
algorithm 
  y := 0;
  for i in 1:nin loop
    if kind == 0 then
      if u[i] > threShold then
        y := y+1;
      end if;
    end if;
    if kind == 1 then
      if u[i] >= threShold then
        y := y+1;
      end if;
    end if;
    if kind == 2 then
      if u[i] <= threShold then
        y := y+1;
      end if;
    end if;
    if kind == 3 then
      if u[i] < threShold then
        y := y+1;
      end if;
    end if;
  end for;
end NumberOfRequests;

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.OffTimer Buildings.Controls.Continuous.OffTimer

Records the time since the input changed to false

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.OffTimer

Information


Block that records the time that has elapsed since its input signal switched to false.

At the beginning of the simulation, this block outputs the time that has elapsed since the start of the simulation. Afterwards, whenever its input switches to false, the timer is reset.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.partialBooleanBlockIcon (Basic graphical layout of logical block).

Connectors

TypeNameDescription
input BooleanInputuConnector of Boolean input signal
output RealOutputyConnector of Real output signal

Modelica definition

model OffTimer "Records the time since the input changed to false"
  extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.partialBooleanBlockIcon;

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanInput u "Connector of Boolean input signal";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput y "Connector of Real output signal";


protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Timer timer;
  Modelica.StateGraph.InitialStepWithSignal iniSte;
  Modelica.StateGraph.TransitionWithSignal transition(enableTimer=false);
  Modelica.StateGraph.StepWithSignal staTim(nIn=2);
  Modelica.StateGraph.StepWithSignal stoTim;
  Modelica.StateGraph.TransitionWithSignal traToOff;
  Modelica.StateGraph.Transition traToOn(enableTimer=false) "Transition to on";
  inner Modelica.StateGraph.StateGraphRoot stateGraphRoot;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Not not1;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Or or1;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.FallingEdge fallingEdge;
equation 
  connect(stoTim.outPort[1], traToOn.inPort);
  connect(iniSte.outPort[1], transition.inPort);
  connect(staTim.outPort[1], traToOff.inPort);
  connect(traToOff.outPort, stoTim.inPort[1]);
  connect(transition.outPort, staTim.inPort[1]);
  connect(u, not1.u);
  connect(timer.y, y);
  connect(not1.y, transition.condition);
  connect(u, fallingEdge.u);
  connect(fallingEdge.y, traToOff.condition);
  connect(iniSte.active, or1.u2);
  connect(staTim.active, or1.u1);
  connect(or1.y, timer.u);
  connect(traToOn.outPort, staTim.inPort[2]);
end OffTimer;

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresis Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresis

PID controller with anti-windup, output limiter and output hysteresis

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresis

Information


Block of a controller for set point tracking with a hysteresis element that switches the controller on and off.

If the controller is off, and the control error becomes larger than eOn, then the controller switches to on and remains on until the control error is smaller than eOff. When the controller is on, the set point tracking can be done using a P-, PI-, or PID-controller. In its off-mode, the control output is zero. Thus, the parameters yMin and yMax are used to constrain the output of the controller during its on mode only. This can be used, for example, to modulate a device between 0.3 and 1.0, and switch it to off when the control error is small enough.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SVcontrol (Single-Variable continuous controller).

Parameters

TypeNameDefaultDescription
Hysteresis
RealeOn1if off and control error > eOn, switch to set point tracking
RealeOff-eOnif on and control error < eOff, set y=0
Booleanpre_y_startfalseValue of hysteresis output at initial time
Set point tracking
SimpleControllercontrollerTypeModelica.Blocks.Types.Simple...Type of controller
Realk1Gain of controller
TimeTi Time constant of Integrator block [s]
TimeTd Time constant of Derivative block [s]
RealyMax1Upper limit of output
RealyMin0Lower limit of output
Realwp1Set-point weight for Proportional block (0..1)
Realwd0Set-point weight for Derivative block (0..1)
RealNi0.9Ni*Ti is time constant of anti-windup compensation
RealNd10The higher Nd, the more ideal the derivative block
Initialization
InitPIDinitTypeModelica.Blocks.Types.InitPI...Type of initialization (1: no init, 2: steady state, 3: initial state, 4: initial output)
BooleanlimitsAtInittrue= false, if limits are ignored during initializiation
Realxi_start0Initial or guess value value for integrator output (= integrator state)
Realxd_start0Initial or guess value for state of derivative block
Realy_start0Initial value of output

Connectors

TypeNameDescription
input RealInputu_sConnector of setpoint input signal
input RealInputu_mConnector of measurement input signal
output RealOutputyConnector of actuator output signal

Modelica definition

model PIDHysteresis 
  "PID controller with anti-windup, output limiter and output hysteresis"
  extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SVcontrol;

  parameter Real eOn = 1 
    "if off and control error > eOn, switch to set point tracking";
  parameter Real eOff = -eOn "if on and control error < eOff, set y=0";
  parameter Boolean pre_y_start=false 
    "Value of hysteresis output at initial time";

  parameter Modelica.Blocks.Types.SimpleController controllerType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.SimpleController.PID 
    "Type of controller";
  parameter Real k=1 "Gain of controller";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time Ti "Time constant of Integrator block";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time Td "Time constant of Derivative block";
  parameter Real yMax=1 "Upper limit of output";
  parameter Real yMin=0 "Lower limit of output";
  parameter Real wp=1 "Set-point weight for Proportional block (0..1)";
  parameter Real wd=0 "Set-point weight for Derivative block (0..1)";
  parameter Real Ni=0.9 "Ni*Ti is time constant of anti-windup compensation";
  parameter Real Nd=10 "The higher Nd, the more ideal the derivative block";
  parameter Modelica.Blocks.Types.InitPID initType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.InitPID.DoNotUse_InitialIntegratorState 
    "Type of initialization (1: no init, 2: steady state, 3: initial state, 4: initial output)";
  parameter Boolean limitsAtInit=true 
    "= false, if limits are ignored during initializiation";
  parameter Real xi_start=0 
    "Initial or guess value value for integrator output (= integrator state)";
  parameter Real xd_start=0 
    "Initial or guess value for state of derivative block";
  parameter Real y_start=0 "Initial value of output";

  Modelica.Blocks.Continuous.LimPID PID(
    controllerType=controllerType,
    k=k,
    Ti=Ti,
    yMax=yMax,
    yMin=yMin,
    wp=wp,
    wd=wd,
    Ni=Ni,
    Nd=Nd,
    initType=initType,
    limitsAtInit=limitsAtInit,
    xi_start=xi_start,
    xd_start=xd_start,
    y_start=y_start,
    Td=Td) "Controller for room temperature";
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Hysteresis hys(
    pre_y_start=pre_y_start,
    uLow=eOff,
    uHigh=eOn) "Hysteresis element to switch controller on and off";
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Switch swi;
  Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Constant zer(k=0) "Zero signal";
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Feedback feeBac;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Switch swi1;
equation 
  assert(eOff < eOn, "Wrong controller parameters. Require eOff < eOn.");
  connect(zer.y, swi.u3);
  connect(swi.y, y);
  connect(u_m, PID.u_m);
  connect(hys.y, swi.u2);
  connect(PID.y, swi.u1);
  connect(u_s, feeBac.u1);
  connect(u_m, feeBac.u2);
  connect(feeBac.y, hys.u);
  connect(u_s, swi1.u1);
  connect(hys.y, swi1.u2);
  connect(u_m, swi1.u3);
  connect(swi1.y, PID.u_s);
end PIDHysteresis;

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresisTimer Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresisTimer

PID controller with anti-windup, hysteresis and timer to prevent short cycling

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresisTimer

Information


Block of a controller for set point tracking with a hysteresis element that switches the controller on and off, and a timer that prevents the controller to short cycle.

The controller is similar to Buildings.Controls.Continuous.PIDHysteresis but in addition, it has a timer that prevents the controller from switching to on too fast. When the controller switches off, the timer starts and avoids the controller from switching on until minOffTime seconds elapsed.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SVcontrol (Single-Variable continuous controller).

Parameters

TypeNameDefaultDescription
On/off controller
RealminOffTime600Minimum time that devices needs to be off before it can run again
RealeOn1if off and control error > eOn, switch to set point tracking
RealeOff-eOnif on and control error < eOff, set y=0
Booleanpre_y_startfalseValue of hysteresis output at initial time
Set point tracking
SimpleControllercontrollerTypeModelica.Blocks.Types.Simple...Type of controller
Realk1Gain of controller
TimeTi Time constant of Integrator block [s]
TimeTd Time constant of Derivative block [s]
RealyMax1Upper limit of modulating output
RealyMin0.3Lower limit of modulating output (before switch to 0)
Realwp1Set-point weight for Proportional block (0..1)
Realwd0Set-point weight for Derivative block (0..1)
RealNi0.9Ni*Ti is time constant of anti-windup compensation
RealNd10The higher Nd, the more ideal the derivative block
Initialization
InitPIDinitTypeModelica.Blocks.Types.InitPI...Type of initialization (1: no init, 2: steady state, 3: initial state, 4: initial output)
BooleanlimitsAtInittrue= false, if limits are ignored during initializiation
Realxi_start0Initial or guess value value for integrator output (= integrator state)
Realxd_start0Initial or guess value for state of derivative block
Realy_start0Initial value of output

Connectors

TypeNameDescription
input RealInputu_sConnector of setpoint input signal
input RealInputu_mConnector of measurement input signal
output RealOutputyConnector of actuator output signal
output RealOutputtOnTime since boiler switched on
output RealOutputtOffTime since boiler switched off
output BooleanOutputonOutputs true if boiler is on

Modelica definition

model PIDHysteresisTimer 
  "PID controller with anti-windup, hysteresis and timer to prevent short cycling"
  extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.SVcontrol;

  parameter Real minOffTime=600 
    "Minimum time that devices needs to be off before it can run again";
  parameter Real eOn = 1 
    "if off and control error > eOn, switch to set point tracking";
  parameter Real eOff = -eOn "if on and control error < eOff, set y=0";
  parameter Boolean pre_y_start=false 
    "Value of hysteresis output at initial time";

  parameter Modelica.Blocks.Types.SimpleController controllerType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.SimpleController.PID 
    "Type of controller";
  parameter Real k=1 "Gain of controller";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time Ti "Time constant of Integrator block";
  parameter Modelica.SIunits.Time Td "Time constant of Derivative block";
  parameter Real yMax=1 "Upper limit of modulating output";
  parameter Real yMin=0.3 
    "Lower limit of modulating output (before switch to 0)";
  parameter Real wp=1 "Set-point weight for Proportional block (0..1)";
  parameter Real wd=0 "Set-point weight for Derivative block (0..1)";
  parameter Real Ni=0.9 "Ni*Ti is time constant of anti-windup compensation";
  parameter Real Nd=10 "The higher Nd, the more ideal the derivative block";
  parameter Modelica.Blocks.Types.InitPID initType=Modelica.Blocks.Types.InitPID.DoNotUse_InitialIntegratorState 
    "Type of initialization (1: no init, 2: steady state, 3: initial state, 4: initial output)";
  parameter Boolean limitsAtInit=true 
    "= false, if limits are ignored during initializiation";
  parameter Real xi_start=0 
    "Initial or guess value value for integrator output (= integrator state)";
  parameter Real xd_start=0 
    "Initial or guess value for state of derivative block";
  parameter Real y_start=0 "Initial value of output";

  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput tOn "Time since boiler switched on";
  Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.RealOutput tOff "Time since boiler switched off";

  Modelica.Blocks.Continuous.LimPID con(
    controllerType=controllerType,
    k=k,
    Ti=Ti,
    Td=Td,
    wp=wp,
    wd=wd,
    Ni=Ni,
    Nd=Nd,
    initType=initType,
    limitsAtInit=limitsAtInit,
    xi_start=xi_start,
    xd_start=xd_start,
    y_start=y_start,
    final yMin=yMin,
    final yMax=yMax) "Controller to track setpoint";
protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Constant zer(k=0) "Zero signal";
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Switch switch2;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.GreaterEqualThreshold greaterEqualThreshold(threshold=
       minOffTime);
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.And and3;
public 
  OffTimer offHys;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Timer onTimer;
protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Not not1;
public 
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Timer offTimer;
         Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.BooleanOutput on 
    "Outputs true if boiler is on";
protected 
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Switch switch1;
public 
  Modelica.Blocks.Math.Feedback feeBac;
  Modelica.Blocks.Logical.Hysteresis hys(
    pre_y_start=pre_y_start,
    uLow=eOff,
    uHigh=eOn) "Hysteresis element to switch controller on and off";
equation 
  connect(u_m, con.u_m);
  connect(zer.y,switch2. u3);
  connect(switch2.y, y);
  connect(and3.y,switch2. u2);
  connect(greaterEqualThreshold.y, and3.u1);
  connect(offHys.y, greaterEqualThreshold.u);
  connect(con.y,switch2. u1);
  connect(onTimer.y, tOn);
  connect(offTimer.y, tOff);
  connect(and3.y, on);
  connect(and3.y, onTimer.u);
  connect(and3.y, not1.u);
  connect(not1.y, offTimer.u);
  connect(and3.y, switch1.u2);
  connect(u_s, switch1.u1);
  connect(u_m, switch1.u3);
  connect(switch1.y, con.u_s);
  connect(u_s, feeBac.u1);
  connect(u_m, feeBac.u2);
  connect(feeBac.y, hys.u);
  connect(hys.y, offHys.u);
  connect(hys.y, and3.u2);
end PIDHysteresisTimer;

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.SignalRanker Buildings.Controls.Continuous.SignalRanker

Ranks output signals such that y[i] >= y[i+1]

Buildings.Controls.Continuous.SignalRanker

Information


Block that sorts the input signal u[:] such that the output signal satisfies y[i] >= y[i+1] for all i=1, ..., nin-1.

This block may for example be used in a variable air volume flow controller to access the position of the dampers that are most open.

Extends from Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output continuous control block).

Parameters

TypeNameDefaultDescription
Integernin1Number of inputs
IntegernoutninNumber of outputs

Connectors

TypeNameDescription
input RealInputu[nin]Connector of Real input signals
output RealOutputy[nout]Connector of Real output signals

Modelica definition

block SignalRanker "Ranks output signals such that y[i] >= y[i+1]"
   extends Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces.MIMO(final nout=nin);
protected 
  Real t "Temporary variable";
algorithm 
  y[:] := u[:];
  for i in 1:nin loop
    for j in 1:nin-1 loop
    if y[j] < y[j+1] then
      t      := y[j+1];
      y[j+1] := y[j];
      y[j]   := t;
    end if;
   end for;
  end for;
  // check algorithm (during development only)
  for i in 1:nin-1 loop
    assert(y[i] >= y[i+1], "Error in sorting algorithm.");
  end for;
end SignalRanker;

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