Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal

Information

This package contains electrical components with idealized behaviour. To enable more realistic applications than it is possible with pure realistic behavior some components are improved by additional features. E.g. the switches have resistances for the open or close case which can be parametrized.

Package Content

Name	Description
IdealThyristor	Ideal thyristor
IdealGTOThyristor	Ideal GTO thyristor
IdealCommutingSwitch	Ideal commuting switch
IdealIntermediateSwitch	Ideal intermediate switch
ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch	Controlled ideal commuting switch
ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch	Controlled ideal intermediate switch
IdealOpAmp	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair)
IdealOpAmp3Pin	Ideal operational amplifier (norator-nullator pair), but 3 pins
IdealOpAmpLimited	Ideal operational amplifier with limitation
IdealDiode	Ideal diode
IdealTransformer	Ideal transformer core with or without magnetization
IdealGyrator	Ideal gyrator
Idle	Idle branch
Short	Short cut branch
IdealOpeningSwitch	Ideal electrical opener
IdealClosingSwitch	Ideal electrical closer
ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical opener
ControlledIdealClosingSwitch	Controlled ideal electrical closer
OpenerWithArc	Ideal opening switch with simple arc model
CloserWithArc	Ideal closing switch with simple arc model
ControlledOpenerWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical opener with simple arc model
ControlledCloserWithArc	Controlled ideal electrical closer with simple arc model
IdealTriac	Ideal triac, based on ideal thyristors
AD_Converter	Simple n-bit analog to digital converter
DA_Converter	Simple digital to analog converter

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor

Information

This is an ideal thyristor model which is

open (off), if the voltage drop is less than 0 or both the thyristor already open (off = true) and fire is false
closed (not off), if both the voltage drop is greater or equal 0 and either the thyristor was already closed (off=false) or fire is true.

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero conductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened thyristor has a small conductance Goff and the closed thyristor has a low resistance Ron which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Goff-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened thyristor conductance [S]
Vknee	Forward threshold voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
fire

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealGTOThyristor

Information

This is an ideal GTO thyristor model which is

open (off), if the voltage drop is less than 0 or fire is false
closed (not off), if the voltage drop is greater or equal 0 and fire is true.

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero conductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened thyristor has a small conductance Goff and the closed thyristor has a low resistance Ron which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Goff-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed thyristor resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened thyristor conductance [S]
Vknee	Forward threshold voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
fire

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealCommutingSwitch

Information

The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected to the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n2
n1
control	true => p--n2 connected, false => p--n1 connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealIntermediateSwitch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, the pin p1 is connected to the pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n1. Otherwise,if control is false, the pin p1 is connected to n1, and the pin p2 is connected to n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p1
p2
n1
n2
control	true => p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealCommutingSwitch

Information

The commuting switch has a positive pin p and two negative pins n1 and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p is connected with the negative pin n2. Otherwise, the pin p is connected the negative pin n1.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n2
n1
control	Control pin: if control.v > level p--n2 connected, otherwise p--n1 connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealIntermediateSwitch

Information

The intermediate switch has four switching contact pins p1, p2, n1, and n2. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the value of the parameter level, the pin p1 is connected to pin n2, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n1. Otherwise, the pin p1 is connected to the pin n1, and the pin p2 is connected to the pin n2.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron.

The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p1
p2
n1
n2
control	Control pin: if control.v > level p1--n2, p2--n1 connected, otherwise p1--n1, p2--n2 connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp

Information

The ideal OpAmp is a two-port. The left port is fixed to v1=0 and i1=0 (nullator). At the right port both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible (norator).

Connectors

Name	Description
p1	Positive pin of the left port
n1	Negative pin of the left port
p2	Positive pin of the right port
n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmp3Pin

Information

The ideal OpAmp with three pins is of exactly the same behaviour as the ideal OpAmp with four pins. Only the negative output pin is left out. Both the input voltage and current are fixed to zero (nullator). At the output pin both any voltage v2 and any current i2 are possible.

Connectors

Name	Description
in_p	Positive pin of the input port
in_n	Negative pin of the input port
out	Output pin

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpAmpLimited

Information

The ideal OpAmp with limitation behaves like an ideal OpAmp without limitation, if the output voltage is within the limits VMin and VMax. In this case the input voltage vin = in_p.v - in_n.v is zero. If the input voltage vin less than 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMin. If the input voltage is vin larger than 0, the output voltage is out.v = VMax.

Connectors

Name	Description
in_p	Positive pin of the input port
in_n	Negative pin of the input port
out	Output pin
VMax	Positive output voltage limitation
VMin	Negative output voltage limitation

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealDiode

Information

This is an ideal switch which is

open (off), if it is reversed biased (voltage drop less than 0)
closed (on), if it is conducting (current > 0).

This is the behaviour if all parameters are exactly zero.

Note, there are circuits, where this ideal description with zero resistance and zero conductance is not possible. In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened diode has a small conductance Gon and the closed diode has a low resistance Roff which is default.

The parameter Vknee which is the forward threshold voltage, allows to displace the knee point
along the Gon-characteristic until v = Vknee.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Forward state-on differential resistance (closed diode resistance) [Ohm]
Goff	Backward state-off conductance (opened diode conductance) [S]
Vknee	Forward threshold voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTransformer

Information

The ideal transformer is a two-port circuit element; in case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = false it is characterized by the following equations:

 i2 = -i1*n;
 v2 =  v1/n;

where n is a real number called the turns ratio. Due to this equations, also DC voltages and currents are transformed - which is not the case for technical transformers.

In case of Boolean parameter considerMagnetization = true it is characterized by the following equations:

 im1  = i1 + i2/n "Magnetizing current w.r.t. primary side";
 psim1= Lm1*im1   "Magnetic flux w.r.t. primary side";
 v1 = der(psim1)  "Primary voltage";
 v2 = v1/n        "Secondary voltage";

where Lm denotes the magnetizing inductance. Due to this equations, the DC offset of secondary voltages and currents decrement according to the time constant defined by the connected circuit.

Taking primary L1sigma and secondary L2ssigma leakage inductances into account, compared with the basic transformer the following parameter conversion can be applied (which leads to identical results):

 L1 = L1sigma + M*n "Primary inductance at secondary no-load";
 L2 = L2sigma + M/n "Secondary inductance at primary no-load";
  M  = Lm1/n         "Mutual inductance";

For the backward conversion, one has to decide about the partitioning of the leakage to primary and secondary side.

Parameters

Name	Description
n	Turns ratio primary:secondary voltage
considerMagnetization	Choice of considering magnetization
Lm1	Magnetization inductance w.r.t. primary side [H]

Connectors

Name	Description
p1	Positive pin of the left port (potential p1.v > n1.v for positive voltage drop v1)
n1	Negative pin of the left port
p2	Positive pin of the right port (potential p2.v > n2.v for positive voltage drop v2)
n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealGyrator

Information

A gyrator is an ideal two-port element defined by the following equations:

i1 = G * v2
i2 = -G * v1

where the constant G is called the gyration conductance.

Parameters

Name	Description
G	Gyration conductance [S]

Connectors

Name	Description
p1	Positive pin of the left port (potential p1.v > n1.v for positive voltage drop v1)
n1	Negative pin of the left port
p2	Positive pin of the right port (potential p2.v > n2.v for positive voltage drop v2)
n2	Negative pin of the right port

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Idle

Information

The model Idle is a simple idle running branch. That means between both pins no current is running. This ideal device is of no influence on the circuit. Therefore, it can be neglected in each case. For purposes of completeness this component is part of the MSL, as an opposite of the short cut.

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.Short

Information

The model Short is a simple short cut branch. That means the voltage drop between both pins is zero. This device could be neglected if both pins are combined to one node. Besides connecting the nodes of both pins this device has no further function.

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealOpeningSwitch

Information

The ideal opening switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the input signal control. If control is true, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
control	true => switch open, false => p--n connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealClosingSwitch

Information

The ideal closing switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by input signal control. If control is true, pin p is connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is not connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
control	true => p--n connected, false => switch open

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealOpeningSwitch

Information

The ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is not connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n
control	Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledIdealClosingSwitch

Information

The closing ideal switch has a positive pin p and a negative pin n. The switching behaviour is controlled by the control pin. If its voltage exceeds the voltage of the parameter level, pin p is connected with negative pin n. Otherwise, pin p is not connected with negative pin n.

In order to prevent singularities during switching, the opened switch has a (very low) conductance Goff and the closed switch has a (very low) resistance Ron. The limiting case is also allowed, i.e., the resistance Ron of the closed switch could be exactly zero and the conductance Goff of the open switch could be also exactly zero. Note, there are circuits, where a description with zero Ron or zero Goff is not possible.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n
control	Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.OpenerWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealOpeningSwitch.

The basic model interrupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the switch is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the Boolean input control signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e., the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the Boolean input control signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e., the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
V0	Initial arc voltage [V]
dVdt	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Vmax	Max. arc voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
control	false => p--n connected, true => switch open

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.CloserWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealClosingSwitch.

The basic model interrupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the switch is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the Boolean input control signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e., the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the Boolean input control signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e., the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
V0	Initial arc voltage [V]
dVdt	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Vmax	Max. arc voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive pin (potential p.v > n.v for positive voltage drop v)
n	Negative pin
heatPort
control	true => p--n connected, false => switch open

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledOpenerWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealOpeningSwitch.

The basic model interrupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the switch is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the control pin voltage control.v signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e., the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the control pin control.v signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e., the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
V0	Initial arc voltage [V]
dVdt	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Vmax	Max. arc voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n
control	Control pin: control.v > level switch open, otherwise p--n connected

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.ControlledCloserWithArc

Information

This model is an extension to the IdealClosingSwitch.

The basic model interrupts the current through the switch in an infinitesimal time span. If an inductive circuit is connected, the voltage across the switch is limited only by numerics. In order to give a better idea for the voltage across the switch, a simple arc model is added:

When the control pin voltage control.v signals to open the switch, a voltage across the opened switch is impressed. This voltage starts with V0 (simulating the voltage drop of the arc roots), then rising with slope dVdt (simulating the rising voltage of an extending arc) until a maximum voltage Vmax is reached.

     | voltage
Vmax |      +-----
     |     /
     |    /
V0   |   +
     |   |
     +---+-------- time

This arc voltage tends to lower the current following through the switch; it depends on the connected circuit, when the arc is quenched. Once the arc is quenched, i.e., the current flowing through the switch gets zero, the equation for the off-state is activated i=Goff*v.

When the control pin control.v signals to close the switch again, the switch is closed immediately, i.e., the equation for the on-state is activated v=Ron*i.

Please note: In an AC circuit, at least the arc quenches when the next natural zero-crossing of the current occurs. In a DC circuit, the arc will not quench if the arc voltage is not sufficient that a zero-crossing of the current occurs.

Please note: In case of useHeatPort=true the temperature dependence of the electrical behavior is not modelled. The parameters are not temperature dependent.

Parameters

Name	Description
level	Switch level [V]
Ron	Closed switch resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened switch conductance [S]
V0	Initial arc voltage [V]
dVdt	Arc voltage slope [V/s]
Vmax	Max. arc voltage [V]
useHeatPort	=true, if HeatPort is enabled
T	Fixed device temperature if useHeatPort = false [K]

Connectors

Name	Description
heatPort
p
n
control	Control pin: control.v > level switch closed, otherwise switch open

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealTriac

Information

This is an ideal triac model based on an ideal thyristor model.

Two ideal thyristors (Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor) are contrarily connected in parallel and additionally eliminated interference with a resistor (Rdis=100) and a capacitor (Cdis=0.005), which are connected in series.

The electrical component triac (TRIode Alternating Current switch) is, due to whose complex structure, a multifunctional applicable construction unit. The application area of this element is the manipulation of alternating current signals in frequency, voltage and/or current and also general blocking or filtering. However, compared to a thyristor the triac is only applied for substantial lesser currents, what is justified by whose sensitive structure. Generally one is limited to maximal voltages from 800 volt and currents from 40 ampere. For comparison maximal voltages of a thyristor are 8.000 volt and currents 5.000 ampere.

Structure and functionality:

Functionality of a triac is in principle the same like functionality of a thyristor, even connecting through of current starting from a certain voltage (knee voltage), but only if the current at anode and cathode is caused by a impulse current in the gate electrode. In case of the triac this process is also possible with reverse polarity, wherefore it is possible to control both half-waves of alternating currents. By means of gate electrodes, which are connected in a triac and why only one gate electrode is necessary, the point of time can be determined, at which the triac lets the alternating current signal pass. Thereby it is possible to affect the phase, at which the alternating current signal is cut. One speaks also of phase-angle control. Also depending on doping and specific structure knee voltage and maximal current carrying are alterable.

Characteristics:

• high switching times between on-state and off state up to activation of the reverse current phase
• gate electrode are activated with (positive) impulse (called thyristor/triac firing), after firing thyristor path holds itself in state of low resistance or conductive state up to holding voltage is fallen below, it follows change to off state and next thyristor path can fire
• in particular by switching of inductive components triacs generate harmonic waves, whose frequency ranges into broadcast sector and could there cause transmission disturbances; therefore triacs have to eliminate interference by inductors and capacitors

Applications:

• any stepless exposure (dimmer)
• engine speed adjustment of electric motors
• further applications of phase-angle control (power electronics)
• power packs

As an additional information: this model is based on the Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.IdealThyristor.

Parameters

Name	Description
Ron	Closed triac resistance [Ohm]
Goff	Opened triac conductance [S]
Vknee	Threshold voltage for positive and negative phase [V]
Rdis	Resistance of disturbance elimination [Ohm]
Cdis	Capacity of disturbance elimination [F]

Connectors

Name	Description
fire1	Gate
n	Cathode
p	Anode

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.AD_Converter

Information

Simple analog to digital converter with a variable resolution of n bits. It converts the input voltage ppin.v-npin.v to an n-vector of type Logic (9-valued logic according to IEEE 1164 STD_ULOGIC). The input resistance between positive and negative pin is determined by Rin. Further effects (like input capacities) have to be modeled outside the converter, since this should be a general model.

The input signal range (VRefLo,VRefHi) is divided into 2^n-1 equally spaced stages of length Vlsb:=(VRefHi-VRefLo)/(2^n-1). The output signal is the binary code of k as long as the input voltage takes values in the k-th stage, namely in the range from Vlsb*(k-0.5) to m*(k+0.5) . This is called mid-tread operation. Additionally the output can only change its value if the trigger signal trig of type Logic changes to '1' (forced or weak).

The output vector is a 'little-endian'. i.e., that the first bit y[1] is the least significant one (LSB).

This is an abstract model of an ADC. Therefore, it can not cover the dynamic behaviour of the converter. Hence the output will change instantaneously when the trigger signal rises.

Parameters

Name	Description
N	Resolution in bits - output signal width
VRefHigh	High reference voltage [V]
VRefLow	Low reference voltage [V]
Rin	Input resistance [Ohm]

Connectors

Name	Description
p	Positive electrical pin (input)
n	Negative electrical pin (input)
y[N]	Digital output
trig	Trigger input

Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Ideal.DA_Converter

Information

Simple digital to analog converter with a variable input signal width of N bits. The input signal is an N-vector of type Logic (9-valued logic according to IEEE 1164 STD_ULOGIC). The output voltage of value y is generated by an ideal voltage source. The output can only change if the trigger signal trig of type Logic changes to ';1'; (forced or weak). In this case, the output voltage is calculated in the following way:

       N
  y = SUM ( x[i]*2^(i-1) )*Vref/(2^N-1),
      i=1

where x[i], i=1,...,N is 1 or 0. and Vref is the reference value. Therefore, the first bit in the input vector x[1] is the least significant one (LSB) and x[N] is the most significant bit (MSB).

This is an abstract model of a DAC. Hence, it can not cover the dynamic behaviour of the converter. Therefore the output will change instantaneously when the trigger signal rises.

Parameters

Name	Description
N	Resolution - input signal width
Vref	Reference voltage [V]

Connectors

Name	Description
trig	Trigger input
x[N]	Digital input
p	Positive electrical pin (output)
n	Negative electrical pin (output)