<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taoning Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gregory Ward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleanor S. Lee</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficient modeling of optically-complex, non-coplanar exterior shading: Validation of matrix algebraic methods</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daylighting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exterior shading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solar heat gains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validation; building energy simulation tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">windows.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778818302457?via%3Dihub</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">464 - 483</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;It has long been established that shading windows with overhangs, fins, and other types of non-coplanar systems (NCS) is one of the most effective ways of controlling solar heat gains in buildings because they intercept solar radiation prior to entry into the building. Designers however often specify non-opaque materials (e.g., louvers, fritted glass, expanded metal mesh) for these systems in order to admit daylight, reduce lighting energy use, and improve indoor environmental quality. Most simulation tools rely on geometric calculations and radiosity methods to model the solar heat gain impacts of NCS and cannot model optically-complex materials or geometries. For daylighting analysis, optically-complex NCS can be modeled using matrix algebraic methods, although time-efficient parametric analysis has not yet been implemented. Determining the best design and/or material for static or operable NCS that minimize cooling, heating, and lighting energy use and peak demand requires an iterative process. This study describes and validates a matrix algebraic method that enables parametric energy analysis of NCS. Such capabilities would be useful not only for design but also for development of prescriptive energy-efficiency standards, rating and labeling systems for commercial products, development of design guidelines, and development of more optimal NCS technologies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A facade or &quot;F&quot; matrix, which maps the transfer of flux from the NCS to the surface of the window, is introduced and its use is explained. A field study was conducted in a full-scale outdoor testbed to measure the daylight performance of an operable drop-arm awning. Simulated data were compared to measured data in order to validate the models. Results demonstrated model accuracy: simulated workplane illuminance was within 11-13%, surface luminance was within 16-18%, and the daylight glare probability was within 6-9% of measured results. Methods used to achieve accurate results are discussed. Results of the validation of daylighting performance are applicable to solar heat gain performance. Since exterior shading can also significantly reduce peak demand, these models enable stakeholders to more accurately assess HVAC and lighting impacts in support of grid management and resiliency goals.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xuan Luo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yixing Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary Ann Piette</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electric Load Shape Benchmarking for Small- and Medium-Sized Commercial Buildings</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">benchmarking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cluster analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">load profile</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">load shape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">representative load pattern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Small- and medium-sized commercial buildings owners and utility managers often look for opportunities for energy cost savings through energy efficiency and energy waste minimization. However, they currently lack easy access to low-cost tools that help interpret the massive amount of data needed to improve understanding of their energy use behaviors. Benchmarking is one of the techniques used in energy audits to identify which buildings are priorities for an energy analysis. Traditional energy performance indicators, such as the energy use intensity (annual energy per unit of floor area), consider only the total annual energy consumption, lacking consideration of the fluctuation of energy use behavior over time, which reveals the time of use information and represents distinct energy use behaviors during different time spans. To fill the gap, this study developed a general statistical method using 24-hour electric load shape benchmarking to compare a building or business/tenant space against peers. Specifically, the study developed new forms of benchmarking metrics and data analysis methods to infer the energy performance of a building based on its load shape. We first performed a data experiment with collected smart meter data using over 2,000 small- and medium-sized businesses in California. We then conducted a cluster analysis of the source data, and determined and interpreted the load shape features and parameters with peer group analysis. Finally, we implemented the load shape benchmarking feature in an open-access web-based toolkit (the Commercial Building Energy Saver) to provide straightforward and practical recommendations to users. The analysis techniques were generic and flexible for future datasets of other building types and in other utility territories.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alessandro Maccarini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alireza Afshari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goran Hultmark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niels Bergsoe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anders Vorre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy saving potential of a two-pipe system for simultaneous heating and cooling of office buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active beams</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy saving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HVAC systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low-exergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">234 - 247</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This paper analyzes the performance of a novel two-pipe system that operates one water loop to simultaneously provide space heating and cooling with a water supply temperature of around 22 °C. To analyze the energy performance of the system, a simulation-based research was conducted. The two-pipe system was modelled using the equation-based Modelica modeling language in Dymola. A typical office building model was considered as the case study. Simulations were run for two construction sets of the building envelope and two conditions related to inter-zone air flows. To calculate energy savings, a conventional four-pipe system was modelled and used for comparison. The conventional system presented two separated water loops for heating and cooling with supply temperatures of 45 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Simulation results showed that the two-pipe system was able to use less energy than the four-pipe system thanks to three effects: useful heat transfer from warm to cold zones, higher free cooling potential and higher efficiency of the heat pump. In particular, the two-pipe system used approximately between 12% and 18% less total annual primary energy than the four-pipe system, depending on the simulation case considered.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sang Hoon Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary Ann Piette</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah C. Taylor-Lange</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy retrofit analysis toolkit for commercial buildings: A review</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building energy retroﬁt</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy conservation measures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy efﬁciency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retroﬁt analysis tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web-based applications</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1087-1100</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Retrofit analysis toolkits can be used to optimize energy or cost savings from retrofit strategies, accelerating the adoption of ECMs (energy conservation measures) in buildings. This paper provides an up-todate review of the features and capabilities of 18 energy retrofit toolkits, including ECMs and the calculation engines. The fidelity of the calculation techniques, a driving component of retrofit toolkits, were evaluated. An evaluation of the issues that hinder effective retrofit analysis in terms of accessibility, usability, data requirement, and the application of efficiency measures, provides valuable insights into advancing the field forward. Following this review the general concepts were determined: (1) toolkits developed primarily in the private sector use empirically data-driven methods or benchmarking to provide ease of use, (2) almost all of the toolkits which used EnergyPlus or DOE-2 were freely accessible, but suffered from complexity, longer data input and simulation run time, (3) in general, there appeared to be a fine line between having too much detail resulting in a long analysis time or too little detail which sacrificed modeling fidelity. These insights provide an opportunity to enhance the design and development of existing and new retrofit toolkits in the future.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-1004503</style></custom2><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1087</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Bonvini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thierry Stephane Nouidui</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equation-based languages – A new paradigm for building energy modeling, simulation and optimization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equation-based modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-physics simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">smart grid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">290-300</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Most of the state-of-the-art building simulation programs implement models in imperative programming languages. This complicates modeling and excludes the use of certain efficient methods for simulation and optimization. In contrast, equation-based modeling languages declare relations among variables, thereby allowing the use of computer algebra to enable much simpler schematic modeling and to generate efficient code for simulation and optimization.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We contrast the two approaches in this paper. We explain how such manipulations support new use cases. In the first of two examples, we couple models of the electrical grid, multiple buildings, HVAC systems and controllers to test a controller that adjusts building room temperatures and PV inverter reactive power to maintain power quality. In the second example, we contrast the computing time for solving an optimal control problem for a room-level model predictive controller with and without symbolic manipulations. Exploiting the equation-based language led to 2200 times faster solution.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-1003383</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liping Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Breshears</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Energy Saving Potential of Membrane-Based Enthalpy Recovery in Vav Systems for Commercial Office Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2012 IBPSA Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A design tool to evaluate the heat and mass transfer effectiveness and pressure drop of a membrane-based enthalpy exchanger was developed and then used to optimize the configuration of an enthalpy exchanger for minimum pressure drop and maximum heat recovery effectiveness. Simulation was used in a parametric study to investigate the energy saving potential of the enthalpy recovery system. The case without energy recovery and air side economizer was used as a baseline. Two comparison cases for the implementation of enthalpy recovery with and without air side economizer were simulated in EnergyPlus. A case using a desiccant wheel for energy recovery was also investigated for comparison purposes. The simulation results show significant energy saving benefits from applying a low pressure drop, high effectiveness enthalpy exchanger in two US cities representing a range of humid climates. The sensitivity of the energy savings potential to pressure drop and heat and mass transfer effectivenesses is also presented.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-6032E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liping Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Breshears</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Energy Saving Potential of Membrane-Based Enthalpy Recovery in VAV System for Commercial Office Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2012</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madison, Wisconsin</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul Raferty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Costa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Monitoring Systems value, issues and recommendations based on five case studies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clima 2010 conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antalya, Turkey</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter F. Buhl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EnergyPlus Analysis Capabilities for Use in Title 24</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">code compliance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energyplus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">title 24</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0z78090x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-822E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter F. Buhl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EnergyPlus Run Time Analysis</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://escholarship.org/uc/item/36h4m5z0</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-1311E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jingjuan Feng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mingsheng Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiufeng Pang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economizer Control Using Mixed Air Enthalpy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the 7th International Conference of Enhanced Building Operations</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7th</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papa, Renata Pietra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patricia Romeiro da Silva Jota</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assis, Eleonora</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Index Evaluation of Buildings in Function of the External Temperature</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Building Simulation 2007</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fred S. Bauman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas L. Webster</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hui Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfgang Lukaschek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corinne Benedek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward A. Arens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul F. Linden</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Lui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter F. Buhl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darryl J. Dickerhoff</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Performance of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California Energy Commission - Public Interest Energy Research Program</style></publisher><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of Aggregation Kinetics on the Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Colloidal Solutions (Nanofluids)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanoletters</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1529-1534</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1529</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of Coloidal Chemistry on the Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Mechanical Engineering Congress &amp; Exposition</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago, IL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prechaya Mahattanataw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charunpat Puvanant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darunee Mongkolsawat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Energy Performance of the Cold-Formed Steel-Frame and Wood-Frame Houses Developed for Thailand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Krishnamurthy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enhanced Mass Transport in Nanofluids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nanoletters</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nano Lett.</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419-423</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids, which are liquids containing suspended nanoparticles, has been attributed to localized convection arising from the nanoparticles&#039; Brownian motion. Because convection and mass transfer are similar processes, the objective here is to visualize dye diffusion in nanofluids. It is observed that dye diffuses faster in nanofluids compared to that in water, with a peak enhancement at a nanoparticle volume fraction, &lt;em&gt;φ&lt;/em&gt;, of 0.5%. A possible change in the slope of thermal conductivity enhancement at that same &lt;em&gt;φ&lt;/em&gt; signifies that convection becomes less important at higher &lt;em&gt;φ&lt;/em&gt;. The enhanced mass transfer in nanofluids can be utilized to improve diffusion in microfluidic devices.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng Xu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Demand Shifting Strategies With Thermal Mass in Large Commercial Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kyoung-ho Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James E. Braun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Methods for Determining Demand-Limiting Setpoint Trajectories in Commercial Buildings Using Short-Term Data Analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael J. Witte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert H. Henninger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drury B. Crawley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experience Testing EnergyPlus With the IEA HVAC Bestest E300-E545 Series and IEA HVAC Bestest Fuel-Fired Furnace Series</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. Vijayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Nara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W. Lai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David W. Song</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Wang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of Particle Material on the Static Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heat Transfer Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Francisco, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyuk Hien Wong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liping Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aida Noplie Chandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anupama Rana Pandey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaolin Wei</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of double glazed façade on energy consumption, thermal comfort and condensation for a typical office building in Singapore</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Nara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. Vijayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W. Lai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W. Rosenthal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David W. Song</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jinlin Wang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental Determination of the Effect of Varying Base Fluid and Temperature on the Static Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 5-11, 2005</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASME</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orlando, FL</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0-7918-4221-5</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The heat transfer abilities of fluids can be improved by adding small particles of sizes of the order of nanometers. Recently a lot of research has been done in evaluating the thermal conductivity of nanofluids using various nanoparticles. In our present work we address this issue by conducting a series of experiments to determine the effective thermal conductivity of alumina-nanofluids by varying the base fluid with water and antifreeze liquids like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Temperature oscillation method is used to find the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The results show the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids depends on viscosity of the base fluid. Finally the results are validated with a recently proposed theoretical model.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drury B. Crawley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linda K. Lawrie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curtis O. Pedersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick C. Winkelmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael J. Witte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard K. Strand</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard J. Liesen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter F. Buhl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu Joe Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert H. Henninger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jason Glazer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniel E. Fisher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Don B. Shirley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brent T. Griffith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter G. Ellis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lixing Gu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EnergyPlus: An Update</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. Vijayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tang, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Nara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick E. Phelan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ravi S. Prasher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David W. Song</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of the Temperature Oscillation Technique to Calculate Thermal Conductivity of Water and Systematic Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum Oxide – Water Nanofluiids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Mechanical Engineering Congress &amp; Exposition,</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anaheim, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael J. Witte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert H. Henninger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drury B. Crawley</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experience Testing EnergyPlus With the ASHRAE 1052-RP Building Fabric Analytical Tests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward F. Sowell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficient Solution Strategies for Building Energy System Simulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building energy systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computational efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graph theory applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hvac simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hvacsim+ models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spark models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-317</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The efficiencies of methods employed in solution of building simulation models are considered and compared by means of benchmark testing. Direct comparisons between the Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel (SPARK) and the HVACSIM+ programs are presented, as are results for SPARK versus conventional and sparse matrix methods. An indirect comparison between SPARK and the IDA program is carried out by solving one of the benchmark test suite problems using the sparse methods employed in that program. The test suite consisted of two problems chosen to span the range of expected performance advantage. SPARK execution times versus problem size are compared to those obtained with conventional and sparse matrix implementations of these problems. Then, to see if the results of these limiting cases extend to actual problems in building simulation, a detailed control system for a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system is simulated with and without the use of SPARK cut set reduction. Execution times for the reduced and non-reduced SPARK models are compared with those for an HVACSIM+ model of the same system. Results show that the graph-theoretic techniques employed in SPARK offer significant speed advantages over the other methods for significantly reducible problems and that by using sparse methods in combination with graph-theoretic methods even problem portions with little reduction potential can be solved efficiently.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-45936</style></custom2><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthur L. Dexter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluating the Performance of Building Control Systems using an Emulator</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Services Engineering Research &amp; Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://bse.sagepub.com/content/15/3.toc</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The control performance of an air-conditioning system is assessed using a qualitative method of evaluation. Fuzzy logic is used to relate performance criteria expressed in the form of IF-THEN rules to quantitative measures of energy consumption, discomfort, and maintenance costs. Test data were generated using an emulator consisting of a real-time simulation of the building shell and HVAC plant, together with a hardware interface that connects the simulation to commercial control equipment. Two case studies are presented. In the first, the effect of changing the strategy used to determine the zone temperature set-points is evaluated using &#039;expert rules&#039;, generated by a hypothetical facilities manager. In the second case study, the effect of varying the tuning parameters of the control system is evaluated using two sets of rules assumed to represent the differing perspectives of a facilities manager and a control engineer.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan Roaf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary E. Hancock</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Control in Energy Efficient Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Efficient Buildings: A Design Guide</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0470219521</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter E. Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDougal, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic Analysis of Desiccant Dehumidifiers in Passive Solar Residences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981 Annual Meeting of ASISE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/1981</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philadelphia, PA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter E. Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental Validation of a Computer Model of a Solar Regenerated Desiccant Dehumidification System</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1st International Passive &amp; Hybrid Cooling Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/1981</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miami, FL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record></records></xml>