<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Felix Bunning</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Fuchs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dirk Muller</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bidirectional low temperature district energy systems with agent-based control: Performance comparison and operation optimization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Energy</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001090</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lei Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rongpeng Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qinglin Meng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of post-rainfall evaporation from porous roof tiles on building cooling load in subtropical China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Thermal Engineering</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Thermal Engineering</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building energy simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooling load</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energyplus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaporative Cooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainfall event</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subtropical China</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359431117356107https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359431117356107?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359431117356107?httpAccept=text/plain</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">391 - 400</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Rainfall occurs frequently in subtropical regions of China, with the subsequent water evaporation from building roofs impacting the thermal performance and the energy consumption of buildings. We proposed a novel simulation method using actual meteorological data to evaluate this impact. New features were developed in EnergyPlus to enable the simulation: (1) an evaporation latent heat flux source term was added to the heat balance equation of the external surface and (2) algorithms for the evaporative cooling module (ECM) were developed and implemented into EnergyPlus. The ECM experimental results showed good agreement with the simulated results. The ECM was used to assess the impact of evaporation from porous roof tiles on the cooling load of a one-floor building in subtropical China. The results show that the evaporation process decreased the maximal values of the external and internal roof surface temperatures by up to 6.4 °C and 3.2 °C, respectively, while the lower internal surface temperature decreased the room accumulated cooling load by up to 14.8% during the hot summer period. The enhanced EnergyPlus capability can be used to evaluate the evaporative cooling performance of roofs with water-storage mediums, as well as to quantify their impact on building cooling loads.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brahm van der Heijde</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Fuchs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carles Ribas Tugores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerald Schweiger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevin Sartor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniele Basciotti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dirk Muller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christoph Nytsch-Geusen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lieve Helsen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dynamic equation-based thermo-hydraulic pipe model for district heating and cooling systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy Conversion and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Simulation and optimisation of district heating and cooling networks requires efficient and realistic models of the individual network elements in order to correctly represent heat losses or gains, temperature propagation and pressure drops. Due to more recent thermal networks incorporating meshing decentralised heat and cold sources, the system often has to deal with variable temperatures and mass flow rates, with flow reversal occurring more frequently. This paper presents the mathematical derivation and software implementation in Modelica of a thermo-hydraulic model for thermal networks that meets the above requirements and compares it to both experimental data and a commonly used model. Good correspondence between experimental data from a controlled test set-up and simulations using the presented model was found. Compared to measurement data from a real district heating network, the simulation results led to a larger error than in the controlled test set-up, but the general trend is still approximated closely and the model yields results similar to a pipe model from the Modelica Standard Library. However, the presented model simulates 1.7 (for low number of volumes) to 68 (for highly discretized pipes) times faster than a conventional model for a realistic test case. A working implementation of the presented model is made openly available within the IBPSA Modelica Library. The model is robust in the sense that grid size and time step do not need to be adapted to the flow rate, as is the case in finite volume models.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001049</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alessandro Maccarini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alireza Afshari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goran Hultmark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Niels Bergsoe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anders Vorre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy saving potential of a two-pipe system for simultaneous heating and cooling of office buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active beams</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy saving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HVAC systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low-exergy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">234 - 247</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This paper analyzes the performance of a novel two-pipe system that operates one water loop to simultaneously provide space heating and cooling with a water supply temperature of around 22 °C. To analyze the energy performance of the system, a simulation-based research was conducted. The two-pipe system was modelled using the equation-based Modelica modeling language in Dymola. A typical office building model was considered as the case study. Simulations were run for two construction sets of the building envelope and two conditions related to inter-zone air flows. To calculate energy savings, a conventional four-pipe system was modelled and used for comparison. The conventional system presented two separated water loops for heating and cooling with supply temperatures of 45 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Simulation results showed that the two-pipe system was able to use less energy than the four-pipe system thanks to three effects: useful heat transfer from warm to cold zones, higher free cooling potential and higher efficiency of the heat pump. In particular, the two-pipe system used approximately between 12% and 18% less total annual primary energy than the four-pipe system, depending on the simulation case considered.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da Yan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bing Dong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ardeshir Mahdavi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simona D&#039;Oca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isabella Gaetani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaohang Feng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Building</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEA EBC Annex 66</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interdisciplinary approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupant behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;More than 30% of the total primary energy in the world is consumed in buildings. It is crucial to reduce building energy consumption in order to preserve energy resources and mitigate global climate change. Building performance simulations have been widely used for the estimation and optimization of building performance, providing reference values for the assessment of building energy consumption and the effects of energy-saving technologies. Among the various factors influencing building energy consumption, occupant behavior has drawn increasing attention. Occupant behavior includes occupant presence, movement, and interaction with building energy devices and systems. However, there are gaps in occupant behavior modeling as different energy modelers have employed varied data and tools to simulate occupant behavior, therefore producing different and incomparable results. Aiming to address these gaps, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Community (EBC) Programme Annex 66 has established a scientific methodological framework for occupant behavior research, including data collection, behavior model representation, modeling and evaluation approaches, and the integration of behavior modeling tools with building performance simulation programs. Annex 66 also includes case studies and application guidelines to assist in building design, operation, and policymaking, using interdisciplinary approaches to reduce energy use in buildings and improve occupant comfort and productivity. This paper highlights the key research issues, methods, and outcomes pertaining to Annex 66, and offers perspectives on future research needs to integrate occupant behavior with the building life cycle.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng Xue</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bing Dong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheuk Ming Mak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Preliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in Single-Family Homes</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daily water use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data Analytics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupant behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">residential water consumption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water usage behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;As regional drought conditions continue deteriorating around the world, residential water use has been brought into the built environment spotlight. Nevertheless, the understanding of water use behavior in residential buildings is still limited. This paper presents data analytics and results from monitoring data of daily water use (DWU) in 50 single-family homes in Texas, USA. The results show the typical frequency distribution curve of the DWU &lt;em&gt;per household&lt;/em&gt; and indicate personal income, education level and energy use of appliances all have statistically significant effects on the DWU &lt;em&gt;per capita.&lt;/em&gt; Analysis of the water-intensive use demonstrates the residents tend to use more water in post-vacation days. These results help generate awareness of water use behavior in homes. Ultimately, this research could support policy makers to establish a water use baseline and inform water conservation programs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ying Cui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da Yan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jingjin Ma</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island in Beijing and the impact on building design and energy performance</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beijing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microclimate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal and spatial characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urban heat island</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;With the increased urbanization in most countries worldwide, the urban heat island (UHI) effect, referring to the phenomenon that an urban area has higher ambient temperature than the surrounding rural area, has gained much attention in recent years. Given that Beijing is developing rapidly both in urban population and economically, the UHI effect can be significant. A long-term measured weather dataset from 1961 to 2014 for ten rural stations and seven urban stations in Beijing, was analyzed in this study, to understand the detailed temporal and spatial characteristics of the UHI in Beijing. The UHI effect in Beijing is significant, with an urban-to-rural temperature difference of up to 8℃ during the winter nighttime. Furthermore, the impacts of UHIs on building design and energy performance were also investigated. The UHI in Beijing led to an approximately 11% increase in cooling load and 16% decrease in heating load in the urban area compared with the rural area, whereas the urban heating peak load decreased 9% and the cooling peak load increased 7% because of the UHI effect. This study provides insights into the UHI in Beijing and recommendations to improve building design and decision-making while considering the urban microclimate.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lei Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rongpeng Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qinglin Meng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yanshan Feng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Impact of Evaporation Process on Thermal Performance of Roofs - Model Development and Numerical Analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaporative Cooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Net zero energy building</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerical analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Passive techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porous building material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roof thermal performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleanor S. Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiufeng Pang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew McNeil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabine Hoffmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anothai Thanachareonkit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhengrong Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yong Ding</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Public Buildings in China with Advanced Window and Shading Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">China</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">windows</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">668-699</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higher standard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codes and standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements for fenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to (a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enable characterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction and energy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent views on how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliant large office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available, highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66% lower perimeter zone HVAC electricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in cold climates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80% reductions in perimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38% reductions in Shanghai compared to the standard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the building industry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the proper supporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significant reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-187100</style></custom2><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">668</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evan Mills</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jessica Granderson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanyu R. Chan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard C. Diamond</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruce Nordman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul A. Mathew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary Ann Piette</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerald Robinson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen E. Selkowitz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, Clean, &amp; Mean: Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Buildings</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;When it comes to innovation in energy and building performance, one can expect leading-edge activity from the technology sector. As front-line innovators in design, materials science, and information management, developing and operating high-performance buildings is a natural extension of their core business.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The energy choices made by technology companies have broad importance given their influence on society at large as well as the extent of their own energy footprint. Microsoft, for example, has approximately 250 facilities around the world (30 million square feet of floor area), with significant aggregate energy use of approximately 4 million kilowatt-hours per day.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is a degree of existing documentation of efforts to design, build, and operate facilities in the technology sector. However, the material is fragmented and typically looks only at a single company, or discrete projects within a company.Yet, there is no single resource for corporate planners and decision makers that takes stock of the opportunities and documents sector-specific case studies in a structured manner. This report seeks to fill that gap, doing so through a combination of generalized technology assessments (“Key Strategies”) and case studies (“Flagship Projects”).&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-1005070E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da Yan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William O&#039;Brien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaohang Feng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H. Burak Gunay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farhang Tahmasebi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ardeshir Mahdavi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Occupant Behavior Modeling for Building  Performance Simulation: Current State and Future Challenges</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupant behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">264-278</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Occupant behavior is now widely recognized as a major contributing factor to uncertainty of building performance. While a surge of research on the topic has occurred over the past four decades, and particularly the past few years, there are many gaps in knowledge and limitations to current methodologies. This paper outlines the state-of-the-art research, current obstacles and future needs and directions for the following four-step iterative process: (1) occupant monitoring and data collection, (2) model development, (3) model evaluation, and (4) model implementation into building simulation tools. Major themes include the need for greater rigor in experimental methodologies; detailed, honest, and candid reporting of methods and results; and development of an efficient means to implement occupant behavior models and integrate them into building energy modeling programs.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-1004504</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cody Rose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natasa Mrazovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cynthia Regnier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristen Parrish</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transforming BIM to BEM: Generation of Building Geometry for the NASA Ames Sustainability Base BIM</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-6033E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mangesh Basarkar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevin Settlemyre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapping Hvac Systems for Simulation In EnergyPlus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2012 IBPSA Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madison, WI, USA</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;For building energy simulation tools to be accessible to designers, tool interfaces should present a conventional view of HVAC systems to the user, and then map this view to the internal data model used in the tool. The paper outlines a process that enables design engineers to create HVAC system representations using industry standard terminology and system, icon and typological representations and convert that unified representation into the format required by the whole building energy simulation tool EnergyPlus. This paper describes each stage of the conversion process, which involves transformations between the following representations: 1) engineer&#039;s representation, 2) component connectivity representation, 3) representation in the internal data model used in the Simergy graphical user interface for EnergyPlus, and 4) EnergyPlus representation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The paper also describes mappings between these representations and the development of a rule-based validation and assignment framework required to implement that mapping. In addition, the paper describes the implementation of this process in Simergy.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-5565E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K. Nandha Kumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">B. Sivaneasan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P.L. So</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H.B. Gooi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilesh Jadhav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reshma Singh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chris Marnay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Campus with PEV and Microgrid</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buildings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">campus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electric vehicles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">loads</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microgrids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">renewable energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transport</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000363.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacific Grove, CA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum, as is the move&lt;br /&gt;towards increasingly distributed, clean and renewable electricity sources. EV charging shifts a&lt;br /&gt;significant portion of transportation energy use onto building electricity meters. Hence,&lt;br /&gt;integration strategies for energy-efficiency in buildings and transport sectors are of increasing&lt;br /&gt;importance. This paper focuses on a portion of that integration: the analysis of an optimal&lt;br /&gt;interaction of EVs with a building-serving transformer, and coupling it to a microgrid that&lt;br /&gt;includes PV, a fuel cell and a natural gas micro-turbine. The test-case is the Nanyang&lt;br /&gt;Technological University (NTU), Singapore campus. The system under study is the Laboratory&lt;br /&gt;of Clean Energy Research (LaCER) Lab that houses the award winning Microgrid Energy&lt;br /&gt;Management System (MG-EMS) project. The paper analyses three different case scenarios to&lt;br /&gt;estimate the number of EVs that can be supported by the building transformer serving LaCER.&lt;br /&gt;An approximation of the actual load data collected for the building into different time intervals is&lt;br /&gt;performed for a transformer loss of life (LOL) calculation. The additional EV loads that can be&lt;br /&gt;supported by the transformer with and without the microgrid are analyzed. The numbers of&lt;br /&gt;possible EVs that can be charged at any given time under the three scenarios are also determined.&lt;br /&gt;The possibility of using EV fleet at NTU campus to achieve demand response capability and&lt;br /&gt;intermittent PV output leveling through vehicle to grid (V2G) technology and building energy&lt;br /&gt;management systems is also explored.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liping Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul A. Mathew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiufeng Pang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uncertainties in energy consumption introduced by building operations and weather for a medium-size office building</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Operations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energyplus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monte Carlo Analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uncertainties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152 - 158</style></pages><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-5888E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cody Rose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natasa Mrazovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welle, Benjamin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Assessment of the use of Building Energy Performance Simulation in Early Design</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation 2011</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sydney, Australia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cody Rose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natasa Mrazovic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data Enviroments and Processing in Sem-Automated Simulation with EnergyPlus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CIB W078-W102</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sophia Antipolis, France</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard See</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cody Rose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimModel: A domain data model for whole building energy simulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation 2011</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Many inadequacies exist within industry-standard data models as used by present-day whole-building energy simulation software. Tools such as EnergyPlus and DOE-2 use custom schema definitions (IDD and BDL respectively) as opposed to standardized schema definitions (defined in XSD, EXPRESS, etc.). Non-standard data modes lead to a requirement for application developers to develop bespoke interfaces. Such tools have proven to be error prone in their implementation – typically resulting in information loss. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This paper presents a Simulation Domain Model (SimModel) - a new interoperable XML-based data model for the building simulation domain. SimModel provides a consistent data model across all aspects of the building simulation process, thus preventing information loss. The model accounts for new simulation tool architectures, existing and future systems, components and features. In addition, it is a multi-representation model that enables integrated geometric and MEP simulation configuration data. The SimModel objects ontology moves away from tool-specific, non-standard nomenclature by implementing an industry-validated terminology aligned with Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first implementation of SimModel supports translations from IDD, Open Studio IDD, gbXML and IFC. In addition, the EnergyPlus Graphic User Interface (GUI) employs SimModel as its internal data model. Ultimately, SimModel will form the basis for a new IFC Model View Definition (MVD) that will enable data exchange from HVAC Design applications to Energy Analysis applications. Extensions to SimModel could easily support other data formats and simulations (e.g. Radiance, COMFEN, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-5566E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew Garr</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A software tool to compare measured and simulated building energy performance data</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation 2011</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sydney, Australia</style></pub-location><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Building energy performance is often inadequate when compared to design goals. To link design goals to actual operation one can compare measured with simulated energy performance data. Our previously developed comparison approach is the Energy Performance Comparison Methodology (EPCM), which enables the identification of performance problems based on a comparison of measured and simulated performance data. In context of this method, we developed a software tool that provides graphing and data processing capabilities of the two performance data sets. The software tool called SEE IT (Stanford Energy Efficiency Information Tool) eliminates the need for manual generation of data plots and data reformatting. SEE IT makes the generation of time series, scatter and carpet plots independent of the source of data (measured or simulated) and provides a valuable tool for comparing measurements with simulation results. SEE IT also allows assigning data points on a predefined building object hierarchy and supports different versions of simulated performance data. This paper briefly introduces the EPCM, describes the SEE IT tool and illustrates its use in the context of a building case study.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-6184E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Costa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karsten Menzel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dirk, Alan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BuildWise Final Report</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technical Report</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian E. Coffey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brandon Hencey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesco Borrelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yudong Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorin Bengea</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development and Testing of Model Predictive Control for a Campus Chilled Water Plant with Thermal Storage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Omnipress</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asilomar, California, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A Model Predictive Control (MPC) implementation was developed for a university campus chilled water plant. The plant includes three water-cooled chillers and a two million gallon chilled water storage tank. The tank is charged during the night to minimize on-peak electricity consumption and take advantage of the lower ambient wet bulb temperature. A detailed model of the chilled water plant and simplified models of the campus buildings were developed using the equation-based modeling language Modelica. Steady state models of the chillers, cooling towers and pumps were developed, based on manufacturers&#039; performance data, and calibrated using measured data collected and archived by the control system. A dynamic model of the chilled water storage tank was also developed and calibrated. A semi-empirical model was developed to predict the temperature and flow rate of the chilled water returning to the plant from the buildings. These models were then combined and simplified for use in a MPC algorithm that determines the optimal chiller start and stop times and set-points for the condenser water temperature and the chilled water supply temperature. The paper describes the development and testing of the MPC implementation and discusses lessons learned and next steps in further research.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yudong Ma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesco Borrelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brandon Hencey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian E. Coffey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sorin Bengea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Model Predictive Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Building Cooling Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Control Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baltimore, Maryland, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A model-based predictive control (MPC) is designed for optimal thermal energy storage in building cooling systems. We focus on buildings equipped with a water tank used for actively storing cold water produced by a series of chillers. Typically the chillers are operated at night to recharge the storage tank in order to meet the building demands on the following day. In this paper, we build on our previous work, improve the building load model, and present experimental results. The experiments show that MPC can achieve reductionin the central plant electricity cost and improvement of its efficiency.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul Mara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Declan O&#039;Sullivan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rob Brennan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kris McGlinn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pervasive Knowledge-Based Networking for Maintenance Inspection in Smart Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MUCS 2009: 6th IEEE International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barcelona, Spain</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian E. Coffey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sam Borgeson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen E. Selkowitz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joshua S. Apte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul A. Mathew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Towards a Very Low Energy Building Stock: Modeling the US Commercial Building Stock to Support Policy and Innovation Planning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Research and Information</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37:5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This paper describes the origin, structure and continuing development of a model of time varying energy consumption in the US commercial building stock. The model is based on a flexible structure that disaggregates the stock into various categories (e.g. by building type, climate, vintage and life-cycle stage) and assigns attributes to each of these (e.g. floor area and energy use intensity by fuel type and end use), based on historical data and user-defined scenarios for future projections. In addition to supporting the interactive exploration of building stock dynamics, the model has been used to study the likely outcomes of specific policy and innovation scenarios targeting very low future energy consumption in the building stock. Model use has highlighted the scale of the challenge of meeting targets stated by various government and professional bodies, and the importance of considering both new construction and existing buildings.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">610</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tianzhen Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dale A. Sartor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul A. Mathew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehry Yazdanian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparisons of HVAC Simulations between EnergyPlus and DOE-2.2 for data centers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASHRAE Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data center</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doe-2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energyplus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115 Part 1</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alan McGibney</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Klepal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design of Underlying Network Infrastructure of Smart Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008 IET 4th International Conference on Intelligent Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wireless BMS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4629790</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seattle, WA</style></pub-location><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-0-86341-894-5 </style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Wireless Building Management Systems (BMS) are an attractive option when it comes to building retrofitting due to the cost constraints introduced by wired systems. A crucial part of the wireless BMS is the initial planning stage, this process can be impossible for a designer to undertake, therefore highlighting the requirement for a software design tool to aid in this process.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Keller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karsten Menzel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ufuk Gökçe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating the Specification, Acquisition and Processing of Building Performance Information</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. Moshier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward F. Sowell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using SPARK as a Solver for Modelica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2008</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berkeley, CA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Wetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. Moshier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward F. Sowell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using SPARK as a solver for Modelica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. of the 3rd SimBuild Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ibpsa.us/simbuild2008/technical_sessions/SB08-DOC-TS03-1-Wetter.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berkeley, CA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Modelica is an object-oriented acausal modeling language that is well positioned to become a de-facto standard for expressing models of complex physical systems.  To simulate a model expressed in Modelica, it needs to be translated into executable code. For generating run-time efficient code, such a translation needs to employ algebraic formula manipulations. As the SPARK solver has been shown to be competitive for generating such code but currently cannot be used with the Modelica language, we report in this paper how SPARK&#039;s symbolic and numerical algorithms can be implemented in OpenModelica, an open-source implementation of a Modelica modeling and simulation environment. We also report benchmark results that show that for our air flow network simulation benchmark, the SPARK solver is competitive with Dymola, which is believed to provide the best solver for Modelica.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-634E</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danielle Monfet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radu Zmeureanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roland Charneux</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicolas Lemire</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Model of a University Building Using the EnergyPlus Program</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Building Simulation 2007</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beijing, China</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arunabha Sen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nibedita Das</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ling Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bao Hong Shen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudheendra Murthy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prajesh Bhattacharya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive Environments</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IEEE Infocom, 2007</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anchorage, AL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian Ó Gallachóir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using Indicators to Profile Energy Consumption and Inform Energy Policy in a University - A Case Study in Ireland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy and Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">building energy performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Energy in services sector</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">913-922</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The services sector has the least amount of energy end use data available, which poses significant challenges to companies within the sector attempting to benchmark their energy performance and inform energy management decisions. This paper explores through a case study analysis the use of simple performance indicators and how additional data and new metrics can greatly enhance the understanding of energy trends and in particular the assessment of building energy performance. The country chosen for the analysis is Ireland, where the services sector has experienced high energy demand growth since 1990 (4.1% annually) compared with the EU-15 (1.5% annually). Despite this growth, the available energy data is poor, in particular for the public service sub-sectors. The case study chosen is an institution within the education sub-sector, University College Cork. The paper presents some simple energy performance indicators that have been used to date to inform energy policy. The paper then introduces new approaches and tools for assessing energy performance in buildings and how these may be utilised to improve the energy policy decision making and energy management. It discusses how these approaches are been implemented for buildings with separate functions, presents some initial results and discusses future planned work.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">913</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christoph Nytsch-Geusen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thilo Ernst</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Schwarz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathias Vetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juergen Leopold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Mattes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andre Nordwig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Schneider</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christoph Wittwer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thierry Stephane Nouidui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerhardt Schmidt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced modeling and simulation techniques in MOSILAB: A system development case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5th International Modelica Conference</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp.63-72</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mini Malhotra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeff S. Haberl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An Analysis of Building Envelope Upgrades for Residential Energy Efficiency in Hot and Humid Climates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Doebber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurya McClintock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associated Case Study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prechaya Mahattanataw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charunpat Puvanant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darunee Mongkolsawat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Energy Performance of the Cold-Formed Steel-Frame and Wood-Frame Houses Developed for Thailand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaya Mukhopadhyay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeff S. Haberl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Performance of High-Performance Glazing in IECC Compliant Building Simulation Model (DOE-2)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shruti Narayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isabelle Lavedrine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurya McClintock</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simulation Strategies for Healthcare Design to Achieve Comfort and Optimize Building Energy Use</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2006</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge, MA, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John F. McCarthy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Effectiveness Communication Ratios for Improved Building Life Cycle Management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation Conference 2005</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montréal, Canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Many existing building energy performance assessment frameworks, quantifying and categorising buildings post occupancy, offer limited feedback on design decisions. An environment providing decision makers with pertinent information to assess the consequences of each design decision in a timely, cost effective and practical manner is required to promote viable low-energy solutions from the outset. This paper outlines a performance-based strategy utilising building effectiveness communication ratios stored in Building Information Models (BIM). Decision makers will be capable of rating the building&#039;s energy performance throughout its natural life cycle without imposing adverse penalties on facilities located in dissimilar climatic zones subjected to stringent building codes and regulations. With this advancement in building energy assessment in place, a progressive improvement in energy efficiency for the building stock is a feasible and realistic target.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christoph Nytsch-Geusen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thilo Ernst</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Schneider</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathias Vetter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreas Holm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juergen Leopold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ullrich Doll</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andre Nordwig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Schwarz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christoph Wittwer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thierry Stephane Nouidui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerhardt Schmidt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Mattes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOSILAB: Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool supporting modal structural dynamics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4th International Modelica Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamburg, Germany</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp.527-534</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohit Mehta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural Ventilation Analysis of an Office Building with Open Atrium</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation 2005</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montreal, canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etienne Wurtz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chadi Maalouf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurent Mora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francis Allard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parametric Analysis of a Solar Desiccant Cooling System using the SimSPARK Environment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBPSA Building Simulation 2005</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montreal, Canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brian Ó Gallachóir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effectiveness Ratios</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Simulation 2005 IBPSA International Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montreal, Canada</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BuildingPI: A Future Tool for Building Life Cycle Analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-56071</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu Joe Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robin Mitchell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen E. Selkowitz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of Trade-Off Equations for EnergyStar Windows</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-55517</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward F. Sowell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. Moshier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graph-theoretic Methods in Simulation Using SPARK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High Performance Computing Symposium of the Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Society for Modeling Simulation International</style></tertiary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arlington, VA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper deals with simulation modeling of nonlinear, deterministic, continuous systems. It describes how the Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel (SPARK) uses the mathematical graph both to describe models of such systems, and to solve the embodied differential-algebraic equation systems (DAEs). Problems are described declaratively rather than algorithmically, with atomic objects representing individual equations and macro objects representing larger programming entities (submodels) in a smooth hierarchy. Internally, in a preprocessing step, graphs are used to represent the problem at the level of equations and variables rather than procedural, multi-equation blocks. Benefits obtained include models that are without predefined input and output sets, enhancing modeling flexibility and code reusability, and relieving the modeler from manual algorithm development. Moreover, graph algorithms are used for problem decomposition and reduction, greatly reducing solution time for wide classes of problems. After describing the methodology the paper presents results of benchmark tests that quantify performance advantages relative to conventional methods. In a somewhat contrived nonlinear example we show O performance as opposed</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edward F. Sowell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. Moshier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimitri Curtil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graph-Theoretic Methods in Simulation Using SPARK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High Performance Computing Symposium of the Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference (Society for Modeling Simulation International)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arlington, Virginia, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IFC HVAC Interface to EnergyPlus: A Case of Expanded Interoperability for Energy Simulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tobias Maile</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IFC HVAC interface to EnergyPlus - A case of expanded interoperability for energy simulation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, CO</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL/PUB-907</style></call-num><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Simulation Research Group&lt;/p&gt;</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL/PUB-907</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004: Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, CO</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL/PUB-906</style></call-num><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Simulation Research Group&lt;/p&gt;</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL/PUB-906</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specification and Implementation of IFC-Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmer Morrissey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James O&#039;Donnell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Keane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir Bazjanac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specification of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2004</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulder, Colorado, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiufeng Pang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yongcheng Jiang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan-shu Miao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun Xiong</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer Measurement and Automation System for Gas-fired Heating Furnace</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (Chinese)</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">374-378</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guilherme Carrilho da Graça</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul F. Linden</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erin McConahey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Design and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building Simulation ’03</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eindhoven, Netherlands</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-56010</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erin McConahey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tim Chirst</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Integration of Engineering and Architecture: a Perspective on Natural Ventilation for the new San Francisco Federal Building</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asilomar, California, USA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A description of the in-progress design of a new Federal Office Building for San Francisco is used to illustrate a number of issues arising in the design of large, naturally ventilated office buildings. These issues include the need for an integrated approach to design involving the architects, mechanical and structural engineers, lighting designers and specialist simulation modelers. In particular, the use of natural ventilation, and the avoidance of air-conditioning, depends on the high degree of exposed thermal mass made possible by the structural scheme and by the minimization of solar heat gains while maintaining the good daylighting that results from optimization of the façade. Another issue was the need for a radical change in interior space planning in order to enhance the natural ventilation; all the individual enclosed offices are located along the central spine of each floorplate rather than at the perimeter. The role of integration in deterring the undermining of the design through value engineering is discussed. The comfort criteria for the building were established based on the recent extension to the ASHRAE comfort standard based on the adaptive model for naturally ventilated buildings. The building energy simulation program EnergyPlus was used to compare the performance of different natural ventilation strategies. The results indicate that, in the San Francisco climate, wind-driven ventilation provides sufficient nocturnal cooling to maintain comfortable conditions and that external chimneys do not provide significant additional ventilation at times when it when it would be beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-51134</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simon J. Rees</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James J. McGuirk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerical Investigation of Transient Buoyant Flow in a Room with a Displacement Ventilation and Chilled Ceiling System</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931000003483</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3067-3080</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The air flow in the office ventilation system known as displacement ventilation is dominated by a gravity current from the inlet and buoyant plumes above internal heat sources. Calculations of the flow and heat transfer in a typical office room have been made for this type of ventilation system used in conjunction with chilled ceiling panels. These calculations have been made in parallel with full size test chamber experiments. It has been found that with higher values of internal load (45 and 72 W m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; of floor area) the flow becomes quasi-periodic in nature. Complex lateral oscillations are seen in the plumes above the heat sources which impinge on the ceiling and induce significant recirculating flows in the room. The frequency spectra of the transient calculations show good agreement with those of the experimental results. Comparison is also made between calculated mean room air speeds and temperature profiles and measured values.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3067</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuomas Laine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risto Kosonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim Hagström</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panu Mustakallio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De-Wei Yin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qingyan Chen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Better IAQ Through Integrating Design Tools For The HVAC Industry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Healthy Buildings 2000</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2000</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espoo, Finland</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;There is currently no effective combination of interoperable design tools to cover all critical aspects of the HVAC design process. Existing design tools are separately available, but require expertise and operating time that is beyond the scope of a normal design project. For example, energy analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are not used in practical design, leading to poor indoor air quality and/or unnecessary energy consumption in buildings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A prototype integrated software tool for demonstration, process mapping and proof-of-concept purposes was developed under a new international, Finland/USA jointly funded development project BildIT. Individual design tools were simplified and adapted to specific applications and also integrated so that they can be used in a timely and effective manner by the designer. The core of the prototype linked together an architectural CAD system, a 3D space model, a CFD program and a building energy simulation program and it utilises real product data from manufacturer&#039;s software. Also the complex building design, construction, maintenance and retrofit processes were mapped to get a template for the structure of the integrated design tool.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL-48456</style></custom2></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>19</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph H. Eto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cecile Meyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The HVAC Costs of Fresh Air Ventilation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASHRAE Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/1988</style></date></pub-dates></dates><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph H. Eto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cecile Meyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The HVAC Costs of Increased Fresh Air Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASHRAE 1988 Annual Meeting</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/1988</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LBNL</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottawa, ON, Canada.</style></pub-location></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brady Schutt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Clark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merino, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accuracy of a Simple Method of Estimating the Minimum Temperature of a Sealed Roof Pond</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Meeting of American Section of the International Solar Energy Society</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/1982</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Houston, TX</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">709-714</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Detailed heat flux and temperature measurements have been made in two residential scale roof pond buildings in San Antonio, Texas from July to November 1981. The minimum temprature of the 4 in deep roof pond sealed in PVC bags was approximately equal to the minimum ambient dry bulb temperature. The sensitivity of this equality to changes in meteorological conditions, maximum pond temperature and thermal load is evaluated using the measurements. Verified simulations are then used to evaluate the sensitivity of this equality to changes in the thermal load, and to changes in the depth, surface emittance and surface thermal resistance of the sealed pond in various climates. For the range of roof pond design options of interest in passive cooling of buildings, the minimum pond temperature was found to be within 2 F of the minimum ambient temperature in all climates considered. The equality of these minimum temperatures is advocated as a useful rule of thumb for feasibility assessment and as part of a simplified design methodology. The simulated minimum pond temperature was found to be surprisingly insensitive to a 50% decrease in the fraction of pond area exposed to the sky.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter E. Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDougal, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic Analysis of Desiccant Dehumidifiers in Passive Solar Residences</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981 Annual Meeting of ASISE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/1981</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philadelphia, PA</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fred M. Loxsom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Clark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merino, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measurement of Components of Heat Transfer in Passive Cooling Systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1st International Passive &amp; Hybrid Cooling Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/1981</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miami, FL</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian W.A. Browne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael Bentley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Haves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neil J. McEwan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ralph E. Spencer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Stannard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QSOs of High Redshift?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/1974</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-210</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5480</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209</style></section></record></records></xml>