01789nas a2200205 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260001600245300000900261490000700270520100200277653012101279100001701400700001801417700001401435700001301449700001901462700001101481856009101492 2019 eng d00aRevealing Urban Morphology and Outdoor Comfort through Genetic Algorithm-Driven Urban Block Design in Dry and Hot Regions of China0 aRevealing Urban Morphology and Outdoor Comfort through Genetic A cJan-07-2019 a36830 v113 a

In areas with a dry and hot climate, factors such as strong solar radiation, high temperature, low humidity, dazzling light, and dust storms can tremendously reduce people’s thermal comfort. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention to outdoor thermal comfort in urban environments as part of urban design. This study proposed an automatic workflow to optimize urban spatial forms with the aim of improvement of outdoor thermal comfort conditions, characterized by the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). A city with a dry and hot climate—Kashgar, China—is further selected as an actual case study of an urban block and Rhino & Grasshopper is the platform used to conduct simulation and optimization process with the genetic algorithm. Results showed that in summer, the proposed method can reduce the averaged UTCI from 31.17 to 27.43 °C, a decrease of about 3.74 °C, and reduce mean radiation temperature (MRT) from 43.94 to 41.29 °C, a decrease of about 2.65 °C.

10adry and hot areas; outdoor thermal comfort; urban morphology; urban performance simulation; genetic algorithm-driven1 aXu, Xiaodong1 aYin, Chenhuan1 aWang, Wei1 aXu, Ning1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLi, Qi uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/13/3683https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/13/3683/pdf01823nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001200214300001100226520103500237653001301272653002001285653001501305653002701320653000801347100001701355700001401372700001901386700001901405700002101424856013601445 2018 eng d a1940-149300aRepresentation and evolution of urban weather boundary conditions in downtown Chicago0 aRepresentation and evolution of urban weather boundary condition c11/2018 a1 - 143 a

This study presents a novel computing technique for data exchange and coupling between a high-resolution weather simulation model and a building energy model, with a goal of evaluating the impact of urban weather boundary conditions on energy performance of urban buildings. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is initialized with the operational High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) dataset to provide hourly weather conditions over the Chicago region. We utilize the building footprint, land use, and building stock datasets to generate building energy models using EnergyPlus. We mapped the building exterior surfaces to local air nodes to import simulated microclimate data and to export buildings' heat emissions to their local environment. Preliminary experiments for a test area in Chicago show that predicted building cooling energy use differs by about 4.7% for the selected date when compared with simulations using TMY weather data and without considering the urban microclimate boundary conditions.

10acoupling10aenergy modeling10aenergyplus10aUrban climate modeling10aWRF1 aJain, Rajeev1 aLuo, Xuan1 aSever, Gökhan1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aCatlett, Charlie uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19401493.2018.1534275https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19401493.2018.153427500390nas a2200109 4500008003900000245004500039210004500084100002000129700001900149700002200168856009000190 2014 d00aReview of Existing Energy Retrofit Tools0 aReview of Existing Energy Retrofit Tools1 aLee, Sang, Hoon1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aPiette, Mary, Ann uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/review-existing-energy-retrofit-tools02422nas a2200121 4500008003900000245007300039210006900112260003300181520192500214100001402139700001902153856012802172 2014 d00aRevisit of Energy Use and Technologies of High Performance Buildings0 aRevisit of Energy Use and Technologies of High Performance Build aSeattle, WAbASHRAEc06/20143 a

Energy consumed by buildings accounts for one third of the world’s total primary energy use. Associated with the conscious of energy savings in buildings, High Performance Buildings (HPBs) has surged across the world, with wide promotion and adoption of various performance rating and certification systems. It is valuable to look into the actual energy performance of HPBs and to understand their influencing factors.

To shed some light on this topic, this paper conducted a series of portfolio analysis based on a database of 51 high performance office buildings across the world. Analyses showed that the actual site Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of the 51 buildings varied by a factor of up to 11, indicating a large scale of variation of the actual energy performance of the current HPBs. Further analysis of the correlation between EUI and climate elucidated ubiquitous phenomenon of EUI scatter throughout all climate zones, implying that the weather is not a decisive factor, although important, for the actual energy consumption of an individual building. On the building size via EUI, analysis disclosed that smaller buildings have a tendency to achieving lower energy use. Even so, the correlation is not absolute since some large buildings demonstrated low energy use while some small buildings performed opposite. Concerning the technologies, statistics indicated that the application of some technologies had correlations with some specific building size and climate characteristic. However, it was still hard to pinpoint a set of technologies which was directly correlative with a group of low EUI buildings.

It is concluded that no a single factor essentially determines the actual energy performance of HPBs. To deliver energy-efficient buildings, an integrated design taking account of climate, technology, occupant behavior as well as operation and maintenance should be implemented.

1 aLi, Cheng1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/se-14-c033-revisit-of-energy-use-and-technologies-of-high-performance-buildings01865nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260001200254490000700266520130200273100002101575700001801596700002101614856008401635 2014 eng d00aThe Role of International Partnerships in Delivering Low- Energy Building Design: A Case Study of the Singapore Scientific Planning Process0 aRole of International Partnerships in Delivering Low Energy Buil c05/20140 v143 a

This paper explores the role of international partnerships to facilitate low-energy building
design, construction, and operations. We briefly discuss multiple collaboration models
and the levels of impact they support. We present a case study of one collaborative
partnership model, the Scientific Planning Support (SPS) team. Staff from the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, the Austrian Institute of Technology, and Nanyang
Technological University formed the SPS team to provide design assistance and process
support during the design phase of a low-energy building project. Specifically, the SPS
team worked on the Clean Tech Two project, a tenanted laboratory and office building
that seeks Green Mark Platinum, the highest green building certification in Singapore.
The SPS team hosted design charrettes, helped to develop design alternatives, and
provided suggestions on the design process in support of this aggressive energy target.
This paper describes these efforts and discusses how teams like the SPS team and other partnership schemes can be leveraged to achieve high performance, low-energy buildingsat an international scale.

1 aParrish, Kristen1 aSingh, Reshma1 aChien, Szu-Cheng uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/role-international-partnerships00430nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005000041210005000091300001200141490000600153100001600159700001700175700001800192856008600210 2012 eng d00aReduction of numerical viscosity in FFD model0 aReduction of numerical viscosity in FFD model a234-2470 v61 aZuo, Wangda1 aJin, Mingang1 aChen, Qingyan uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/reduction-numerical-viscosity-ffd02363nas a2200241 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260002600186520159800212653002401810653001401834653001001848653002401858653003101882653001801913653003001931100002101961700001401982700001301996700001902009700001402028856007902042 2012 eng d00aA Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings0 aRetrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buil aAsilomar, CAc08/20123 a

Existing buildings will dominate energy use in commercial buildings in the United States for three decades or longer and even in China for the about two decades. Retrofitting these buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use is thus critical to achieving the target of reducing energy use in the buildings sector. However there are few evaluation tools that can quickly identify and evaluate energy savings and cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for retrofits, especially for buildings in China. This paper discusses methods used to develop such a tool and demonstrates an application of the tool for a retrofit analysis. The tool builds on a building performance database with pre-calculated energy consumption of ECMs for selected commercial prototype buildings using the EnergyPlus program. The tool allows users to evaluate individual ECMs or a package of ECMs. It covers building envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC, plug loads, service hot water, and renewable energy. The prototype building can be customized to represent an actual building with some limitations. Energy consumption from utility bills can be entered into the tool to compare and calibrate the energy use of the prototype building. The tool currently can evaluate energy savings and payback of ECMs for shopping malls in China. We have used the tool to assess energy and cost savings for retrofit of the prototype shopping mall in Shanghai. Future work on the tool will simplify its use and expand it to cover other commercial building types and other countries. 

10abuilding simulation10abuildings10aChina10acommercial building10aenergy efficiency measures10aretrofit tool10asimulation research group1 aLevine, Mark, D.1 aFeng, Wei1 aKe, Jing1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aZhou, Nan uhttp://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000098.pdf#page=101677nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260003100211300001700242520102700259100001801286700002601304700001901330700001801349700002001367700001901387856008901406 2011 eng d00aReal-time Building Energy Simulation using EnergyPlus and the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed0 aRealtime Building Energy Simulation using EnergyPlus and the Bui aSydney, Australiac11/2011 ap. 2890-28963 a

Most commercial buildings do not perform as well in practice as intended by the design and their performances often deteriorate over time. Reasons include faulty construction, malfunctioning equipment, incorrectly configured control systems and inappropriate operating procedures (Haves et al., 2001, Lee et al., 2007). To address this problem, the paper presents a simulation-based whole building performance monitoring tool that allows a comparison of building actual performance and expected performance in real time. The tool continuously acquires relevant building model input variables from existing Energy Management and Control System (EMCS). It then reports expected energy consumption as simulated of EnergyPlus. The Building Control Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) is used as the software platform to provide data linkage between the EMCS, an EnergyPlus model, and a database. This paper describes the integrated real-time simulation environment. A proof-of-concept demonstration is also presented in the paper.

1 aPang, Xiufeng1 aBhattacharya, Prajesh1 aO'Neill, Zheng1 aHaves, Philip1 aWetter, Michael1 aBailey, Trevor uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/real-time-building-energy-simulation01476nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260002100208520088700229653002801116653001201144100002001156700001601176700003101192856009501223 2011 eng d00aRecent developments of the Modelica Buildings library for building energy and control systems0 aRecent developments of the Modelica Buildings library for buildi aDresden, Germany3 a

At the Modelica 2009 conference, we introduced the Buildings library, a freely available Modelica library for building energy and control systems [16]. This paper reports the updates of the library and presents example applications for a range of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Over the past two years, the library has been further developed. The number of HVAC components models has been doubled and various components have been revised to increase numerical robustness. The paper starts with an overview of the library architecture and a description of the main packages. To demonstrate the features of the Buildings library, applications that include multizone airow simulation as well as supervisory and local loop control of a variable air volume (VAV) system are briey described. The paper closes with a discussion of the current development.

10abuilding energy systems10aheating1 aWetter, Michael1 aZuo, Wangda1 aNouidui, Thierry, Stephane uhttps://www.modelica.org/events/modelica2011/Proceedings/pages/papers/12_1_ID_113_a_fv.pdf00439nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001000184490000700194100001600201700001800217856008200235 2009 eng d00aReal time or faster-than-real-time simulation of airflow in buildings0 aReal time or fasterthanrealtime simulation of airflow in buildin a33-440 v191 aZuo, Wangda1 aChen, Qingyan uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/real-time-or-faster-real-time02848nas a2200145 4500008004100000024002000041245004500061210004500106260002400151520237200175100002102547700002202568700002202590856009002612 2008 eng d aESL-HH-08-12-2700aReducing Energy Use In Florida Buildings0 aReducing Energy Use In Florida Buildings aDallas, TXc12/20083 a

The 2007 Florida Building Code (ICC, 2008) requires building designers and architects to achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating for commercial buildings located throughout Florida. Although the Florida Building Code is strict in the minimum requirements for new construction, several aspects of building construction can be further improved through careful thought and design. This report outlines several energy saving features that can be used to ensure that new buildings meet a new target goal of 85% energy use compared to the 2007 energy code in order to achieve Governor Crist's executive order to improve the energy code by 15%.

To determine if a target goal of 85% building energy use is attainable, a computer simulation study was performed to determine the energy saving features available which are, in most cases, stricter than the current Florida Building Code. The energy savings features include improvements to building envelop, fenestration, lighting and equipment, and HVAC efficiency. The imp acts of reducing outside air requirements and employing solar water heating were also investigated. Th e purpose of the energy saving features described in this document is intended to provide a simple, prescriptive method for reducing energy consumption using the methodology outlined in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE, 2007).

There are two difficulties in trying to achieve savings in non-residential structures. First, there is significant energy use caused by internal loads for people and equipment and it is difficult to use the energy code to achieve savings in this area relative to a baseline. Secondly, the ASHRAE methodology uses some of the same features that are proposed for the new building, so it may be difficult to claim savings for some strategies that will produce savings such as improved ventilation controls, reduced window area, or reduced plug loads simply because the methodology applies those features to the comparison reference building.

Several measures to improve the building envelope characteristics were simulated. Simply using the selected envelope measures resulted in savings of less than 10% for all building types. However, if such measures are combined with aggressive lighting reductions and improved efficiency HVAC equipment and controls, a target savings of 15% is easily attainable.

1 aRaustad, Richard1 aBasarkar, Mangesh1 aVieira, Robin, K. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/reducing-energy-use-florida-buildings00400nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004600087260001800133300001200151100001600163700001800179856008100197 2007 eng d00aReal time airflow simulation in buildings0 aReal time airflow simulation in buildings aSendai, Japan a459-4661 aZuo, Wangda1 aChen, Qingyan uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/real-time-airflow-simulation00441nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260003200180100001500212700002000227856008400247 2006 eng d00aRadiant Slab Cooling: A Case Study of Building Energy Performance0 aRadiant Slab Cooling A Case Study of Building Energy Performance aCambridge, MA, USAc08/20061 aTian, Zhen1 aLove, James, A. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/radiant-slab-cooling-case-study00530nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260003000192100002100222700002100243700001800264700002700282856008700309 2005 eng d00aReducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effectiveness Ratios0 aReducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effecti aMontreal, Canadac08/20051 aO'Donnell, James1 aMorrissey, Elmer1 aKeane, Marcus1 aGallachóir, Brian, Ó uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/reducing-building-operational-cost00465nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005400041210005400095260003600149100002400185700002400209700002300233856008700256 2004 eng d00aResources for Teaching Building Energy Simulation0 aResources for Teaching Building Energy Simulation aBoulder, Colorado, USAc08/20041 aStrand, Richard, K.1 aLiesen, Richard, J.1 aWitte, Michael, J. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/resources-teaching-building-energy00527nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001200235490000700247100002100254700001800275700001500293856008500308 2003 eng d00aResearch of ANN Internal Model Self-tuning Control Applied in Combustion Process Control of Heating Furnace in Oil Field0 aResearch of ANN Internal Model Selftuning Control Applied in Com a108-1120 v341 aJiang, Yongcheng1 aPang, Xiufeng1 aFu, Shaobo uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/research-ann-internal-model-self00380nas a2200097 4500008004100000245005800041210005500099100002300154700001800177856008700195 1989 eng d00aA Robust Self-Tuning Controller for HVAC Applications0 aRobust SelfTuning Controller for HVAC Applications1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/robust-self-tuning-controller-hvac00478nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102260001700163100001600180700002100196700001800217700002200235856008700257 1983 eng d00aResults of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences0 aResults of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences aSanta Fe, NM1 aClark, Gene1 aLoxsom, Fred, M.1 aHaves, Philip1 aDoderer, Earl, S. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/results-validated-simulations-roof00825nas a2200253 4500008004100000245008000041210007100121260001200192300001200204490000800216653002500224653002600249653001200275653001900287653003000306653001800336653002200354653002600376100002100402700001800423700002300441700002000464856008700484 1976 eng d00aThe Radio Structure of a Sample of 101 Quasars from the Parkes ±4º Survey0 aRadio Structure of a Sample of 101 Quasars from the Parkes ±4º S c08/1976 a275-3060 v17610aAngular Distribution10aAstronomical Catalogs10aQuasars10aRadio Emission10aRadio Sources (Astronomy)10aRadio Spectra10aSpectrum Analysis10aUltrahigh Frequencies1 aBentley, Michael1 aHaves, Philip1 aSpencer, Ralph, E.1 aStannard, David uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/radio-structure-sample-101-quasars01668nas a2200193 4500008004100000245003800041210003400079260001200113300001200125490000800137520111500145100002201260700001801282700002601300700002001326700002501346700002401371856007901395 1974 eng d00aThe Radio Polarization of Quasars0 aRadio Polarization of Quasars c07/1974 a137-1620 v1683 a

Observations over a wide range of wavelengths, 2.2 ≤ λ ≤ 73 cm, have been combined to define the wavelength variation of the degree of linear polarization m(λ) for 120 quasars with known redshift. For the majority, m(λ) decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength but for 35 sources the polarization curve is inverted at short wavelengths. A classification is given, based on both the polarization curve and the radio spectrum, and the results are interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of opaque components in the source. The depolarization which occurs at long wavelengths is accounted for by a combination of spectral effects and Faraday depolarization. For 46 steep-spectrum sources the depolarization curve appears to be dominated by the Faraday effect, and has been used to deduce the electron density within the radiating components. In this group of sources the correlation between depolarization and redshift noted by Kronberg et al. is confirmed and strengthened. A discussion is given of some theoretical models of radio sources in the light of the depolarization data.

1 aConway, Robin, G.1 aHaves, Philip1 aKronberg, Philipp, P.1 aStannard, David1 aVallée, Jacques, P.1 aWardle, John, F. C. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/radio-polarization-quasars