02290nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001200244300001400256490000700270520148300277100001701760700001401777700001401791700001901805700001301824856025901837       2019                        eng d  a1996-359900aPerformance-driven optimization of urban open space configuration in the cold-winter and hot-summer region of China0 aPerformancedriven optimization of urban open space configuration  c03/2019  a411 - 4240 v123 a<p>Urbanization has led to changes in urban morphology and climate, while urban open space has become an important ecological factor for evaluating the performance of urban development. This study presents an optimization approach using computational performance simulation. With a genetic algorithm using the Grasshopper tool, this study analyzed the layout and configuration of urban open space and its impact on the urban micro-climate under summer and winter conditions. The outdoor mean Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was applied as the performance indicator for evaluating the quality of the urban micro-climate. Two cases—one testbed and one real urban block in Nanjing, China—were used to validate the computer-aided simulation process. The optimization results in the testbed showed UTCI values varied from 36.5 to 37.3 °C in summer and from −4.9 to −1.9 °C in winter. In the case of the real urban block, optimization results show, for summer, although the average UTCI value increased by 0.6 °C, the average air velocity increased by 0.2 m/s; while in winter, the average UTCI value increased by 1.7 °C and the average air velocity decreased by 0.2 m/s. These results demonstrate that the proposed computer-aided optimization process can improve the thermal comfort conditions of open space in urban blocks. Finally, this study discusses strategies and guidelines for the layout design of urban open space to improve urban environment comfort.</p>1 aXu, Xiaodong1 aWu, Yifan1 aWang, Wei1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aXu, Ning  uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12273-019-0510-zhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12273-019-0510-z.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12273-019-0510-z.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12273-019-0510-z/fulltext.html02860nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001300041245017500054210006900229260001200298300001400310490000800324520184700332653002402179653000902203653002902212653002602241100001602267700001502283700001802298700002202316700002002338700001502358856023302373       2019                        eng d  a0306261900aPractical factors of envelope model setup and their effects on the performance of model predictive control for building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems0 aPractical factors of envelope model setup and their effects on t  c02/2019  a410 - 4250 v2363 a<p>Model predictive control (MPC) for buildings is attracting significant attention in research and industry due to its potential to address a number of challenges facing the building industry, including energy cost reduction, grid integration, and occupant connectivity. However, the strategy has not yet been implemented at any scale, largely due to the significant effort required to configure and calibrate the model used in the MPC controller. While many studies have focused on methods to expedite model configuration and improve model accuracy, few have studied the impact a wide range of factors have on the accuracy of the resulting model. In addition, few have continued on to analyze these factors' impact on MPC controller performance in terms of final operating costs. Therefore, this study first identifies the practical factors affecting model setup, specifically focusing on the thermal envelope. The seven that are identified are building design, model structure, model order, data set, data quality, identification algorithm and initial guesses, and software tool-chain. Then, through a large number of trials, it analyzes each factor's influence on model accuracy, focusing on grey-box models for a single zone building envelope. Finally, this study implements a subset of the models identified with these factor variations in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning MPC controllers, and tests them in simulation of a representative case that aims to optimally cool a single-zone building with time-varying electricity prices. It is found that a difference of up to 20% in cooling cost for the cases studied can occur between the best performing model and the worst performing model. The primary factors attributing to this were model structure and initial parameter guesses during parameter estimation of the model.</p>10abuilding simulation10ahvac10aModel predictive control10aSystem identification1 aBlum, David1 aArendt, K.1 aRivalin, Lisa1 aPiette, Mary, Ann1 aWetter, Michael1 aVeje, C.T.  uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261918318099https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0306261918318099?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0306261918318099?httpAccept=text/plain02376nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001300041245008400054210006900138260001200207300001200219490000800231520164800239653001801887653003501905653001901940653001501959653001501974653002301989100001402012700001902026700002202045856006702067       2019                        eng d  a0360544200aPredicting plug loads with occupant count data through a deep learning approach0 aPredicting plug loads with occupant count data through a deep le  c05/2019  a29 - 420 v1813 a<p>Predictive control has gained increasing attention for its ability to reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort in buildings. The plug loads prediction is a key component for the predictive building controls, as plug loads is a major source of internal heat gains in buildings. This study proposed a novel method to apply the Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) Network, a special form of Recurrent Neural Network, to predict plug loads. The occupant count and the time have been confirmed to drive the plug load profile and thus selected as the features for the plug load prediction. The LSTM network was trained and tested with ground truth occupant count data collected from a real office building in Berkeley, California. Results from the LSTM network markedly improve the prediction accuracy compared with traditional linear regression methods and the classical Artificial Neural Network. 95% of 1-h predictions from LSTM network are within ±1 kW of the actual plug loads, given the average plug loads during the office hour is 8.6 kW. The CV(RMSE) of the predicted plug load is 11% for the next hour, and 20% for the next 8 h. Lastly, we compared four prediction approaches with the office building we monitored: LSTM vs. ARIMA, with occupant counts vs. without occupant counts. It was found, the prediction error of the LSTM approach is around 4% less than the ARIMA approach. Using occupant counts as an exogenous input could further reduce the prediction error by 5%–6%. The findings of this paper could shed light on the plug load prediction for building control optimizations such as model-predictive control.</p>10adeep learning10aLong short term memory network10aOccupant count10aPlug loads10aprediction10aPredictive control1 aWang, Zhe1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aPiette, Mary, Ann  uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S036054421931020502188nas a2200301   4500008004100000245011100041210006900152260001600221520124300237653001701480653002401497653002901521653002501550100001601575700002001591700001501611700001401626700001901640700001601659700001501675700002001690700001801710700001801728700002001746700002001766700001801786856008201804       2019                        eng d00aPrototyping the BOPTEST Framework for Simulation-Based Testing of Advanced Control Strategies in Buildings0 aPrototyping the BOPTEST Framework for SimulationBased Testing of  aRome, Italy3 a<p>Advanced control strategies are becoming increasingly necessary in buildings in order to meet and balance requirements for energy efficiency, demand flexibility, and occupant comfort. Additional development and widespread adoption of emerging control strategies, however, ultimately require low implementation costs to reduce payback period and verified performance to gain control vendor, building owner, and operator trust. This is difficult in an already first-cost driven and risk-averse industry. Recent innovations in building simulation can significantly aid in meeting these requirements and spurring innovation at early stages of development by evaluating performance, comparing state-of-the-art to new strategies, providing installation experience, and testing controller implementations. This paper presents the development of a simulation framework consisting of test cases and software platform for the testing of advanced control strategies (BOPTEST - Building Optimization Performance Test). The objectives and requirements of the framework, components of a test case, and proposed software platform architecture are described, and the framework is demonstrated with a prototype implementation and example test case.</p>10abenchmarking10abuilding simulation10aModel predictive control10asoftware development1 aBlum, David1 aJorissen, Filip1 aHuang, Sen1 aChen, Yan1 aArroyo, Javier1 aBenne, Kyle1 aLi, Yanfei1 aGavan, Valentin1 aRivalin, Lisa1 aHelsen, Lieve1 aVrabie, Draguna1 aWetter, Michael1 aSofos, Marina  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/prototyping-boptest-framework01861nas a2200241   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260001200215300000900227490000700236520110600243653001701349653002101366653002701387653002201414653001101436100001701447700001601464700001401480700001901494700001701513856008901530       2018                        eng d00aPerformance-Based Evaluation of Courtyard Design in China’s Cold-Winter Hot-Summer Climate Regions0 aPerformanceBased Evaluation of Courtyard Design in China s ColdW  c10/2018  a39500 v103 a<p>Evaluates the performance of the traditional courtyard design of the Jiangnan Museum, located in Jiangsu Province. In the evaluation, the spatial layout of courtyards is adjusted, the aspect ratio is changed, and an ecological buffer space is created. To model and evaluate the performance of the courtyard design, this study applied the Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, Parabolic Hyperbolic Or Elliptic Numerical Integration Code Series (PHOENICS), for wind environment simulation, and the EnergyPlus-based software, DesignBuilder, for energy simulation. Results show that a good combination of courtyard layout and aspect ratio can improve the use of natural ventilation by increasing free cooling during hot summers and reducing cold wind in winters. The results also show that ecological buffer areas of a courtyard can reduce cooling loads in summer by approximately 19.6% and heating loads in winter by approximately 22.3%. The study provides insights into the optimal design of a courtyard to maximize its benefit in regulating the microclimate during both winter and summer.</p>10aaspect ratio10acourtyard design10aecological buffer area10aecological effect10alayout1 aXu, Xiaodong1 aLuo, Fenlan1 aWang, Wei1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aFu, Xiuzhang  uhttp://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/11/3950http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/11/3950/pdf02401nas a2200229   4500008004100000245007200041210006900113260001200182490000800194520165900202653003301861653002201894653002501916653002201941653003501963653001701998100001402015700001902029700001702048700001902065856008702084       2017                        eng d00aPerformance Evaluation of an Agent-based Occupancy Simulation Model0 aPerformance Evaluation of an Agentbased Occupancy Simulation Mod  c04/20170 v1153 a<p>Occupancy is an important factor driving building performance. Static and homogeneous occupant schedules, commonly used in building performance simulation, contribute to issues such as performance gaps between simulated and measured energy use in buildings. Stochastic occupancy models have been recently developed and applied to better represent spatial and temporal diversity of occupants in buildings. However, there is very limited evaluation of the usability and accuracy of these models. This study used measured occupancy data from a real office building to evaluate the performance of an agent-based occupancy simulation model: the Occupancy Simulator. The occupancy patterns of various occupant types were first derived from the measured occupant schedule data using statistical analysis. Then the performance of the simulation model was evaluated and verified based on (1) whether the distribution of observed occupancy behavior patterns follows the theoretical ones included in the Occupancy Simulator, and (2) whether the simulator can reproduce a variety of occupancy patterns accurately. Results demonstrated the feasibility of applying the Occupancy Simulator to simulate a range of occupancy presence and movement behaviors for regular types of occupants in office buildings, and to generate stochastic occupant schedules at the room and individual occupant levels for building performance simulation. For future work, model validation is recommended, which includes collecting and using detailed interval occupancy data of all spaces in an office building to validate the simulated occupant schedules from the Occupancy Simulator.</p>10amodel performance evaluation10aoccupancy pattern10aOccupancy simulation10aoccupant behavior10aoccupant presence and movement10averification1 aLuo, Xuan1 aLam, Khee, Poh1 aChen, Yixing1 aHong, Tianzhen  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/performance-evaluation-agent-based01615nas a2200193   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120520095300189653002001142653001901162653002201181653003401203653002501237100001401262700001901276700001501295700002101310856009001331       2017                        eng d00aA Preliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in Single-Family Homes0 aPreliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in SingleFamil3 a<p>As regional drought conditions continue deteriorating around the world, residential water use has been brought into the built environment spotlight. Nevertheless, the understanding of water use behavior in residential buildings is still limited. This paper presents data analytics and results from monitoring data of daily water use (DWU) in 50 single-family homes in Texas, USA. The results show the typical frequency distribution curve of the DWU <em>per household</em> and indicate personal income, education level and energy use of appliances all have statistically significant effects on the DWU <em>per capita.</em> Analysis of the water-intensive use demonstrates the residents tend to use more water in post-vacation days. These results help generate awareness of water use behavior in homes. Ultimately, this research could support policy makers to establish a water use baseline and inform water conservation programs.</p><p>&nbsp;</p>10adaily water use10aData Analytics10aoccupant behavior10aresidential water consumption10aWater usage behavior1 aXue, Peng1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aDong, Bing1 aMak, Cheuk, Ming  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/preliminary-investigation-water-usage02242nas a2200133   4500008003900000245007600039210006900115520175500184100001501939700001901954700002801973700002202001856008502023       2015                          d00aA pattern-based automated approach to building energy model calibration0 apatternbased automated approach to building energy model calibra3 a<p>Building model calibration is critical in bringing simulated energy use closer to the actual consumption. This paper presents a novel, automated model calibration approach that uses logic linking parameter tuning with bias pattern recognition to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with traditional calibration processes. The pattern-based process contains four key steps: (1) running the original precalibrated energy model to obtain monthly simulated electricity and gas use; (2) establishing a pattern bias, either Universal or Seasonal Bias, by comparing load shape patterns of simulated and actual monthly energy use; (3) using programmed logic to select which parameter to tune first based on bias pattern, weather and input parameter interactions; and (4) automatically tuning the calibration parameters and checking the progress using pattern-fit criteria. The automated calibration algorithm was implemented in the Commercial Building Energy Saver, a web-based building energy retrofit analysis toolkit. The proof of success of the methodology was demonstrated using a case study of an office building located in San Francisco. The case study inputs included the monthly electricity bill, monthly gas bill, original building model and weather data with outputs resulting in a calibrated model that more closely matched that of the actual building energy use profile. The novelty of the developed calibration methodology lies in linking parameter tuning with the underlying logic associated with bias pattern identification. Although there are some limitations to this approach, the pattern-based automated calibration methodology can be universally adopted as an alternative to manual or hierarchical calibration approaches.</p>1 aSun, Kaiyu1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C.1 aPiette, Mary, Ann  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/pattern-based-automated-approach00504nas a2200121   4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001200237490000800249100001800257700001900275856008800294       2011                        eng d00aPrevention of Compressor Short Cycling in Direct-Expansion (DX) Rooftop Units, Part 1: Theoretical Analysis and Simulation0 aPrevention of Compressor Short Cycling in DirectExpansion DX Roo  a666-6760 v1171 aPang, Xiufeng1 aLiu, Mingsheng  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/prevention-compressor-short-cycling00492nas a2200121   4500008004100000245011300041210006900154300001200223490000800235100001800243700001900261856009000280       2011                        eng d00aPrevention of Compressor Short Cycling in Direct-Expansion (DX) Rooftop Units— Part 2: Field Investigation0 aPrevention of Compressor Short Cycling in DirectExpansion DX Roo  a677-6850 v1171 aPang, Xiufeng1 aLiu, Mingsheng  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/prevention-compressor-short-cycling-000577nas a2200157   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260002100197100001500218700002300233700001700256700001800273700001800291700002100309856008900330       2009                        eng d00aPervasive Knowledge-Based Networking for Maintenance Inspection in Smart Buildings0 aPervasive KnowledgeBased Networking for Maintenance Inspection i  aBarcelona, Spain1 aMara, Paul1 aO'Sullivan, Declan1 aBrennan, Rob1 aKeane, Marcus1 aMcGlinn, Kris1 aO'Donnell, James  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/pervasive-knowledge-based-networking00592nas a2200145   4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260002800226100002300254700001700277700002000294700002300314700002200337856008700359       2007                        eng d00aPotential of Buried Pipes Systems and Derived Techniques for Passive Cooling of Buildings in Brazilian Climates0 aPotential of Buried Pipes Systems and Derived Techniques for Pas  aBeijing, Chinac09/20071 aHollmuller, Pierre1 aCarlo, Joyce1 aOrdenes, Martin1 aWestphal, Fernando1 aLamberts, Roberto  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/potential-buried-pipes-systems-and00481nas a2200109   4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260003200206100002300238700002100261856008900282       2006                        eng d00aPerformance of High-Performance Glazing in IECC Compliant Building Simulation Model (DOE-2)0 aPerformance of HighPerformance Glazing in IECC Compliant Buildin  aCambridge, MA, USAc08/20061 aMukhopadhyay, Jaya1 aHaberl, Jeff, S.  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/performance-high-performance-glazing02402nas a2200145   4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164300001500233490000700248520187300255100001802128700002002146856009002166       2006                        eng d  a1052-623400aPrecision control for generalized pattern search algorithms with adaptive precision function evaluations0 aPrecision control for generalized pattern search algorithms with  a650-669 0 v163 a<p>In the literature on generalized pattern search algorithms, convergence to a stationary point of a once continuously differentiable cost function is established under the assumption that the cost function can be evaluated exactly. However, there is a large class of engineering problems where the numerical evaluation of the cost function involves the solution of systems of differential algebraic equations. Since the termination criteria of the numerical solvers often depend on the design parameters, computer code for solving these systems usually defines a numerical approximation to the cost function that is discontinuous with respect to the design parameters. Standard generalized pattern search algorithms have been applied heuristically to such problems, but no convergence properties have been stated. In this paper we extend a class of generalized pattern search algorithms to include a subprocedure that adaptively controls the precision of the approximating cost functions. The numerical approximations to the cost function need not define a continuous function. Our algorithms can be used for solving linearly constrained problems with cost functions that are at least locally Lipschitz continuous. Assuming that the cost function is smooth, we prove that our algorithms converge to a stationary point. Under the weaker assumption that the cost function is only locally Lipschitz continuous, we show that our algorithms converge to points at which the Clarke generalized directional derivatives are nonnegative in predefined directions. An important feature of our adaptive precision scheme is the use of coarse approximations in the early iterations, with the approximation precision controlled by a test. We show by numerical experiments that such an approach leads to substantial time savings in minimizing computationally expensive functions.</p>1 aPolak, Elijah1 aWetter, Michael  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/precision-control-generalized-pattern00529nas a2200133   4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260003000201100001900231700001900250700001800269700002000287856008800307       2005                        eng d00aParametric Analysis of a Solar Desiccant Cooling System using the SimSPARK Environment0 aParametric Analysis of a Solar Desiccant Cooling System using th  aMontreal, Canadac08/20051 aWurtz, Etienne1 aMaalouf, Chadi1 aMora, Laurent1 aAllard, Francis  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/parametric-analysis-solar-desiccant02097nas a2200157   4500008003900000245009300039210006900132260003100201520151300232653003401745100001301779700001801792700002201810700002101832856008601853       2004                          d00aPeak Demand Reduction from Pre-Cooling with Zone Temperature Reset in an Office Building0 aPeak Demand Reduction from PreCooling with Zone Temperature Rese  aPacific Grove, CAc08/20043 a<p>The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential for reducing peak-period electrical demand in moderate-weight commercial buildings by modifying the control of the HVAC system. An 80,000 ft<sup>2</sup> office building with a medium-weight building structure and high window-to-wall ratio was used for a case study in which zone temperature set-points were adjusted prior to and during occupancy. HVAC performance data and zone temperatures were recorded using the building control system. Additional operative temperature sensors for selected zones and power meters for the chillers and the AHU fans were installed for the study. An energy performance baseline was constructed from data collected during normal operation. Two strategies for demand shifting using the building thermal mass were then programmed in the control system and implemented progressively over a period of one month. It was found that a simple demand limiting strategy performed well in this building. This strategy involved maintaining zone temperatures at the lower end of the comfort region during the occupied period up until 2 pm. Starting at 2 pm, the zone temperatures were allowed to float to the high end of the comfort region. With this strategy, the chiller power was reduced by 80-100% (1 - 2.3 W/ft<sup>2</sup>) during normal peak hours from 2 - 5 pm, without causing any thermal comfort complaints. The effects on the demand from 2 - 5 pm of the inclusion of pre-cooling prior to occupancy are unclear.</p>10ademand shifting (pre-cooling)1 aXu, Peng1 aHaves, Philip1 aPiette, Mary, Ann1 aBraun, James, E.  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/peak-demand-reduction-pre-cooling00466nas a2200109   4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260003500193100002400228700002100252856008300273       2004                        eng d00aPhotovoltaic and Solar Thermal Modeling with the EnergyPlus Calculation Engine0 aPhotovoltaic and Solar Thermal Modeling with the EnergyPlus Calc  aDenver, Colorado, USAc09/20041 aGriffith, Brent, T.1 aEllis, Peter, G.  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/photovoltaic-and-solar-thermal00429nas a2200109   4500008004100000245007100041210006900112260002500181100001900206700001400225856008000239       1995                        eng d00aPrediction of building thermal performance under random conditions0 aPrediction of building thermal performance under random conditio  aBeijing, Chinac19951 aHong, Tianzhen1 aJiang, Yi  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/prediction-building-thermal01698nas a2200169   4500008004100000245006200041210006000103260001200163300001200175490000600187520117800193100001601371700002101387700002201408700001801430856008001448       1987                        eng d00aPerformance of Roofpond Cooled Residences in U.S. Climate0 aPerformance of Roofpond Cooled Residences in US Climate  c01/1987  a265-2920 v43 a<p>The thermal advantages of a roofpond as an element of a residential cooling system are described. The authors conducted heat transfer experiments at two roofpond residences (RPRs) at Trinity University; the authors used data from these experiments to validate RPR simulations. Results of measurements of vertical and horizontal temperature differences within roofponds are discussed. Horizontal heat transfer within one water bag was effective. Thermal resistance at the outer surface of a water bag with a deflated glazing can be significant. Simulation shows that an RPR can provide comfort without supplemental sensible cooling during almost all hours of a typical summer in any U.S climate. Ceiling fans are important in most climates. In the most demanding climates, the residence and the pond insulating panels must have high R-value. A map is included that provides RPR design guidance. The simulations indicate that dehumidification will be required to control mold, mildew, and ceiling condensation in an RPR in most climates; energy and power displacement by an RPR is sensitive to the humidity control required and the efficiency of the dehumidifier used.</p>1 aClark, Gene1 aLoxsom, Fred, M.1 aDoderer, Earl, S.1 aHaves, Philip  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/performance-roofpond-cooled00371nas a2200097   4500008004100000245006300041210006300104490000800167100001800175856008000193       1975                        eng d00aPolarization Parameters of 183 Extragalactic Radio Sources0 aPolarization Parameters of 183 Extragalactic Radio Sources0 v1731 aHaves, Philip  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/polarization-parameters-18301622nas a2200301   4500008004100000245004700041210004300088260001200131300001200143490000800155520072700163653002600890653003200916653001900948653001900967653002300986653004001009653001201049653002501061653002001086653002501106653001801131653002601149100001801175700002201193700002001215856008501235       1974                        eng d00aThe Polarization of Radio Sources at 31 CM0 aPolarization of Radio Sources at 31 CM  c10/1974  a117-1310 v1693 a<p>Measurements of the linear polarization of extragalactic radio sources have been made over a range of wavelengths in order to study both the properties of the sources themselves and the Faraday rotation along the line of sight to the observer. As part of a continuing program of such measurements the flux densities and integrated polarizations of 226 sources (including 134 quasars) were observed at 966 MHz (lambda 31 cm), to complement previous measurements at lambda 49 and lambda 74 cm (Conway et al. 1972). These results have been combined with others at shorter wavelengths in a discussion of the polarization properties of quasars (Conway et al. 1974). All the sources have angular sizes of 1 arcmin or less</p>10aAstronomical Catalogs10aextragalactic radio sources10afaraday effect10ainterferometry10amicrowave emission10apolarized electromagnetic radiation10aQuasars10aradiant flux density10aradio astronomy10astatistical analysis10atables (data)10avery high frequencies1 aHaves, Philip1 aConway, Robin, G.1 aStannard, David  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/polarization-radio-sources-31-cm