03410nas a2200409   4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260001200195520213600207653000902343653002502352653002202377653002002399653001902419653002302438653003302461653003902494653003202533653001302565653002102578100002202599700001902621700002202640700002102662700002002683700001702703700002302720700002202743700002102765700002002786700002302806700001902829700001502848700002802863700002002891856008902911       2017                        eng d00aSmall and Medium Building Efficiency Toolkit and Community Demonstration Program0 aSmall and Medium Building Efficiency Toolkit and Community Demon  c03/20173 a<p>Small commercial buildings in the United States consume 47 percent of all primary energy consumed in the building sector. Retrofitting small and medium commercial buildings may pose a steep challenge for owners, as many lack the expertise and resources to identify and evaluate cost-effective energy retrofit strategies. To address this problem, this project developed the Commercial Building Energy Saver (CBES), an energy retrofit analysis toolkit that calculates the energy use of a building, identifies and evaluates retrofit measures based on energy savings, energy cost savings, and payback. The CBES Toolkit includes a web app for end users and the CBES Application Programming Interface for integrating CBES with other energy software tools. The toolkit provides a rich feature set, including the following:</p><ol><li>Energy Benchmarking providing an Energy Star score</li><li>Load Shape Analysis to identify potential building operation improvements</li><li>Preliminary Retrofit Analysis which uses a custom developed pre-simulated database</li><li>Detailed Retrofit Analysis which utilizes real time EnergyPlus simulations</li></ol><p>In a parallel effort the project team developed technologies to measure outdoor airflow rate; commercialization and use would avoid both excess energy use from over ventilation and poor indoor air quality resulting from under ventilation.</p><p>If CBES is adopted by California’s statewide small office and retail buildings, by 2030 the state can anticipate 1,587 gigawatt hours of electricity savings, 356 megawatts of non-coincident peak demand savings, 30.2 megatherms of natural gas savings, $227 million of energy-related cost savings, and reduction of emissions by 757,866 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. In addition, consultant costs will be reduced in the retrofit analysis process.</p><p>CBES contributes to the energy savings retrofit field by enabling a straightforward and uncomplicated decision-making process for small and medium business owners and leveraging different levels of assessment to match user background, preference, and data availability.</p>10aCBES10acommercial buildings10aenergy efficiency10aenergy modeling10aenergy savings10aindoor air quality10aindoor environmental quality10aoutdoor air measurement technology10aoutdoor airflow intake rate10aretrofit10aventilation rate1 aPiette, Mary, Ann1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aFisk, William, J.1 aBourassa, Norman1 aChan, Wanyu, R.1 aChen, Yixing1 aCheung, H.Y., Iris1 aHotchi, Toshifumi1 aKloss, Margarita1 aLee, Sang, Hoon1 aPrice, Phillip, N.1 aSchetrit, Oren1 aSun, Kaiyu1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C.1 aZhang, Rongpeng  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/small-and-medium-building-efficiency02607nas a2200169   4500008003900000245006200039210006000101520204900161100001902210700001802229700001902247700001702266700002302283700002002306700002102326856009002347       2014                          d00aA New Model to Simulate Energy Performance of VRF Systems0 aNew Model to Simulate Energy Performance of VRF Systems3 a<p>This paper presents a new model to simulate energy performance of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems in heat pump operation mode (either cooling or heating is provided but not simultaneously). The main improvement of the new model is the introduction of the evaporating and condensing temperature in the indoor and outdoor unit capacity modifier functions. The independent variables in the capacity modifier functions of the existing VRF model in EnergyPlus are mainly room wet-bulb temperature and outdoor dry-bulb temperature in cooling mode and room dry-bulb temperature and outdoor wet-bulb temperature in heating mode. The new approach allows compliance with different specifications of each indoor unit so that the modeling accuracy is improved. The new VRF model was implemented in a custom version of EnergyPlus 7.2. This paper first describes the algorithm for the new VRF model, which is then used to simulate the energy performance of a VRF system in a Prototype House in California that complies with the requirements of Title 24 – the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards. The VRF system performance is then compared with three other types of HVAC systems: the Title 24-2005 Baseline system, the traditional High Efficiency system, and the EnergyStar Heat Pump system in three typical California climates: Sunnyvale, Pasadena and Fresno. Calculated energy savings from the VRF systems are significant. The HVAC site energy savings range from 51 to 85%, while the TDV (Time Dependent Valuation) energy savings range from 31 to 66% compared to the Title 24 Baseline Systems across the three climates. The largest energy savings are in Fresno climate followed by Sunnyvale and Pasadena. The paper discusses various characteristics of the VRF systems contributing to the energy savings. It should be noted that these savings are calculated using the Title 24 prototype House D under standard operating conditions. Actual performance of the VRF systems for real houses under real operating conditions will vary.</p>1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aPang, Xiufeng1 aSchetrit, Oren1 aWang, Liping1 aKasahara, Shinichi1 aYura, Yoshinori1 aHinokuma, Ryohei  uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/new-model-simulate-energy-performance