02575nas a2200241 4500008003900000245011800039210006900157260001200226300001200238490000700250520177500257653002002032653003802052653001302090653002202103653001302125653001502138100001902153700001802172700002702190700002802217856008802245 2015 d00aAn Ontology to Represent Energy-related Occupant Behavior in Buildings Part I: Introduction to the DNAs Framework0 aOntology to Represent Energyrelated Occupant Behavior in Buildin c10/2015 a764-7770 v923 a

Reducing energy consumption in the buildings sector requires significant changes, but technology alone may fail to guarantee efficient energy performance. Human behavior plays a pivotal role in building design, operation, management and retrofit, and is a crucial positive factor for improving the indoor environment, while reducing energy use at low cost. Over the past 40 years, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of human behavior on building technologies and operation. Often, need-action-event cognitive theoretical frameworks were used to represent human-machine interactions. In Part I of this paper a review of more than 130 published behavioral studies and frameworks was conducted. A large variety of data-driven behavioral models have been developed based on field monitoring of the human-building-system interaction. Studies have emerged scattered geographically around the world that lack in standardization and consistency, thus leading to difficulties when comparing one with another. To address this problem, an ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is presented. Accordingly, the technical DNAs framework is developed based on four key components: i) the Drivers of behavior, ii) the Needs of the occupants, iii) the Actions carried out by the occupants, and iv) the building systems acted upon by the occupants. This DNAs framework is envisioned to support the international research community to standardize a systematic representation of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper further develops the DNAs framework as an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, obXML, for exchange of occupant information modeling and integration with building simulation tools.

10aBuilding energy10ahuman-building-system interaction10amodeling10aoccupant behavior10aontology10asimulation1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/ontology-represent-energy-related-002313nas a2200265 4500008003900000245014200039210006900181260001200250300001200262490000700274520142200281653003201703653002401735653002001759653001001779653002201789653001501811100001901826700001801845700002801863700002701891700001701918700002601935856008601961 2015 d00aAn Ontology to Represent Energy-Related Occupant Behavior in Buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema0 aOntology to Represent EnergyRelated Occupant Behavior in Buildin c08/2015 a196-2050 v943 a

Energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is difficult to define and quantify, yet critical to our understanding of total building energy consumption. Part I of this two-part paper introduced the DNAS (Drivers, Needs, Actions and Systems) framework, to standardize the description of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper implements the DNAS framework into an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, titled ‘occupant behavior XML’ (obXML). The obXML schema is used for the practical implementation of the DNAS framework into building simulation tools. The topology of the DNAS framework implemented in the obXML schema has a main root element OccupantBehavior, linking three main elements representing Buildings, Occupants and Behaviors. Using the schema structure, the actions of turning on an air conditioner and closing blinds provide two examples of how the schema standardizes these actions using XML. The obXML schema has inherent flexibility to represent numerous, diverse and complex types of occupant behaviors in buildings, and it can also be expanded to encompass new types of behaviors. The implementation of the DNAS framework into the obXML schema will facilitate the development of occupant information modeling (OIM) by providing interoperability between occupant behavior models and building energy modeling programs.

10abuilding energy consumption10abuilding simulation10aenergy modeling10aobXML10aoccupant behavior10aXML schema1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C.1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aChen, Yixing1 aCorgnati, Stefano, P. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/ontology-represent-energy-related02814nas a2200169 4500008003900000245008800039210006900127520221500196653002402411653002202435653001402457653002202471653001502493100002702508700001902535856009002554 2014 d00aA Technical Framework to Describe Occupant Behavior for Building Energy Simulations0 aTechnical Framework to Describe Occupant Behavior for Building E3 a

Green buildings that fail to meet expected design performance criteria indicate that technology alone does not guarantee high performance. Human influences are quite often simplified and ignored in the design, construction, and operation of buildings. Energy-conscious human behavior has been demonstrated to be a significant positive factor for improving the indoor environment while reducing the energy use of buildings. In our study we developed a new technical framework to describe energy-related human behavior in buildings. The energy-related behavior includes accounting for individuals and groups of occupants and their interactions with building energy services systems, appliances and facilities. The technical framework consists of four key components:

  1. the drivers behind energy-related occupant behavior, which are biological, societal, environmental, physical, and economical in nature
  2. the needs of the occupants are based on satisfying criteria that are either physical (e.g. thermal, visual and acoustic comfort) or non-physical (e.g. entertainment, privacy, and social reward)
  3. the actions that building occupants perform when their needs are not fulfilled
  4. the systems with which an occupant can interact to satisfy their needs

The technical framework aims to provide a standardized description of a complete set of human energy-related behaviors in the form of an XML schema. For each type of behavior (e.g., occupants opening/closing windows, switching on/off lights etc.) we identify a set of common behaviors based on a literature review, survey data, and our own field study and analysis. Stochastic models are adopted or developed for each type of behavior to enable the evaluation of the impact of human behavior on energy use in buildings, during either the design or operation phase. We will also demonstrate the use of the technical framework in assessing the impact of occupancy behavior on energy saving technologies. The technical framework presented is part of our human behavior research, a 5-year program under the U.S. - China Clean Energy Research Center for Building Energy Efficiency.

10abuilding simulation10aenergy efficiency10aframework10aoccupant behavior10aXML schema1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/technical-framework-describe-occupant00472nas a2200109 4500008003900000245011000039210006900149100001900218700002700237700001400264856008400278 2013 d00aThe Two-Day CERC-BEE Forum on Building Integrated Design and Occupant Behavior: Presentations and Summary0 aTwoDay CERCBEE Forum on Building Integrated Design and Occupant 1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aLi, Cheng uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/two-day-cerc-bee-forum-building