02540nas a2200241 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260001200194520178100206653001001987653002201997653002302019653002202042653002502064653002302089100001202112700001902124700001402143700001402157700001702171700001302188856009702201 2017 eng d00aA Thorough Assessment of China’s Standard for Energy Consumption of Buildings0 aThorough Assessment of China s Standard for Energy Consumption o c03/20173 a

China’s Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings (the Design Standard) is widely used in the design phase to regulate the energy efficiency of physical assets (envelope, lighting, HVAC) in buildings. However, the standard does not consider many important factors that influence the actual energy use in buildings, and this can lead to gaps between the design estimates and actual energy consumption. To achieve the national energy savings targets defined in the strategic 12th Five-Year Plan, China developed the first standard for energy consumption of buildings GB/T51161-2016 (the Consumption Standard). This study provides an overview of the Consumption Standard, identifies its strengths and weaknesses, and recommends future improvements. The analysis and discussion of the constraint value and the leading value, two key indicators of the energy use intensity, provide insight into the intent and effectiveness of the Consumption Standard. The results indicated that consistency between China’s Design Standard GB 50189-2015 and the Consumption Standard GB/T51161-2016 could be achieved if the Design Standard used the actual building operations and occupant behavior in calculating the energy use in Chinese buildings. The development of an outcome-based code in the U.S. was discussed in comparison with China’s Consumption Standard, and this revealed the strengths and challenges associated with implementing a new compliance method based on actual energy use in buildings in the U.S. Overall, this study provides important insights into the latest developments of actual consumption-based building energy standards, and this information should be valuable to building designers and energy policy makers in China and the U.S.

10aChina10acode and standard10aenergy consumption10aenergy efficiency10aEnergy Use Intensity10aoutcome-based code1 aYan, Da1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLi, Cheng1 aZhang, Qi1 aAn, Jingjing1 aHu, shan uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/thorough-assessment-china%E2%80%99s-standard02767nas a2200193 4500008003900000245008400039210006900123520210600192653002202298653002602320653002002346653003102366653002202397653002302419100001402442700001902456700001202475856008602487 2015 d00aAn Insight into Actual Energy Use and Its Drivers in High-Performance Buildings0 aInsight into Actual Energy Use and Its Drivers in HighPerformanc3 a

Using portfolio analysis and individual detailed case studies, we studied the energy performance and drivers of energy use in 51 high-performance office buildings in the U.S., Europe, China, and other parts of Asia. Portfolio analyses revealed that actual site energy use intensity (EUI) of the study buildings varied by a factor of as much as 11, indicating significant variation in real energy use in HPBs worldwide. Nearly half of the buildings did not meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-2004 energy target, raising questions about whether a building’s certification as high performing accurately indicates that a building is energy efficient and suggesting that improvement in the design and operation of HPBs is needed to realize their energy-saving potential. We studied the influence of climate, building size, and building technologies on building energy performance and found that although all are important, none are decisive factors in building energy use. EUIs were widely scattered in all climate zones. There was a trend toward low energy use in small buildings, but the correlation was not absolute; some small HPBs exhibited high energy use, and some large HPBs exhibited low energy use. We were unable to identify a set of efficient technologies that correlated directly to low EUIs. In two case studies, we investigated the influence of occupant behavior as well as operation and maintenance on energy performance and found that both play significant roles in realizing energy savings. We conclude that no single factor determines the actual energy performance of HPBs, and adding multiple efficient technologies does not necessarily improve building energy performance; therefore, an integrated design approach that takes account of climate, technology, occupant behavior, and operations and maintenance practices should be implemented to maximize energy savings in HPBs. These findings are intended to help architects, engineers, operators, and policy makers improve the design and operation of HPBs.

10aactual energy use10abuilding technologies10adriving factors10ahigh-performance buildings10aintegrated design10aperformance rating1 aLi, Cheng1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aYan, Da uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/insight-actual-energy-use-and-its02025nas a2200229 4500008003900000245008400039210006900123260001200192300001200204490000700216520132300223653002001546653002901566653001001595653002201605653001301627653002101640100001901661700001401680700001201694856008901706 2015 d00aUpdates to the China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings0 aUpdates to the China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency in Pu c12/2015 a187-1980 v873 a

The China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency in public buildings (GB 50189) debuted in 2005 when China completed the 10th Five-Year Plan. GB 50189-2005 played a crucial role in regulating the energy efficiency in Chinese commercial buildings. The standard was recently updated in 2014 to increase energy savings targets by 30% compared with the 2005 standard. This paper reviews the major changes to the standard, including expansion of energy efficiency coverage and more stringent efficiency requirements. The paper also discusses the interrelationship of the design standard with China's other building energy standards. Furthermore, comparisons are made with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2013 to provide contrasting differences in efficiency requirements. Finally recommendations are provided to guide the future standard revision, focusing on three areas: (1) increasing efficiency requirements of building envelope and HVAC systems, (2) adding a whole-building performance compliance pathway and implementing a ruleset based automatic code baseline model generation in an effort to reduce the discrepancies of baseline models created by different tools and users, and (3) adding inspection and commissioning requirements to ensure building equipment and systems are installed correctly and operate as designed.

10abuilding design10abuilding energy standard10aChina10aenergy efficiency10aGB 5018910aPublic buildings1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLi, Cheng1 aYan, Da uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/updates-china-design-standard-energy00559nas a2200181 4500008003900000245005300039210005300092100001900145700001400164700002500178700001200203700001400215700001400229700001500243700001500258700001700273856008700290 2014 d00aIntegrated Design for High Performance Buildings0 aIntegrated Design for High Performance Buildings1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLi, Cheng1 aDiamond, Richard, C.1 aYan, Da1 aZhang, Qi1 aZhou, Xin1 aGuo, Siyue1 aSun, Kaiyu1 aWang, Jingyi uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/integrated-design-high-performance02422nas a2200121 4500008003900000245007300039210006900112260003300181520192500214100001402139700001902153856012802172 2014 d00aRevisit of Energy Use and Technologies of High Performance Buildings0 aRevisit of Energy Use and Technologies of High Performance Build aSeattle, WAbASHRAEc06/20143 a

Energy consumed by buildings accounts for one third of the world’s total primary energy use. Associated with the conscious of energy savings in buildings, High Performance Buildings (HPBs) has surged across the world, with wide promotion and adoption of various performance rating and certification systems. It is valuable to look into the actual energy performance of HPBs and to understand their influencing factors.

To shed some light on this topic, this paper conducted a series of portfolio analysis based on a database of 51 high performance office buildings across the world. Analyses showed that the actual site Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of the 51 buildings varied by a factor of up to 11, indicating a large scale of variation of the actual energy performance of the current HPBs. Further analysis of the correlation between EUI and climate elucidated ubiquitous phenomenon of EUI scatter throughout all climate zones, implying that the weather is not a decisive factor, although important, for the actual energy consumption of an individual building. On the building size via EUI, analysis disclosed that smaller buildings have a tendency to achieving lower energy use. Even so, the correlation is not absolute since some large buildings demonstrated low energy use while some small buildings performed opposite. Concerning the technologies, statistics indicated that the application of some technologies had correlations with some specific building size and climate characteristic. However, it was still hard to pinpoint a set of technologies which was directly correlative with a group of low EUI buildings.

It is concluded that no a single factor essentially determines the actual energy performance of HPBs. To deliver energy-efficient buildings, an integrated design taking account of climate, technology, occupant behavior as well as operation and maintenance should be implemented.

1 aLi, Cheng1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/se-14-c033-revisit-of-energy-use-and-technologies-of-high-performance-buildings00472nas a2200109 4500008003900000245011000039210006900149100001900218700002700237700001400264856008400278 2013 d00aThe Two-Day CERC-BEE Forum on Building Integrated Design and Occupant Behavior: Presentations and Summary0 aTwoDay CERCBEE Forum on Building Integrated Design and Occupant 1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aLi, Cheng uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/two-day-cerc-bee-forum-building