02335nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001300041245011500054210006900169260001600238300001100254490000700265520135700272100002001629700001901649700003201668700001801700700002101718700002701739700002401766700003301790700001301823700001801836700002701854700002201881700001801903700002401921856008801945 2020 eng d a2214629600aCulture, conformity, and carbon? A multi-country analysis of heating and cooling practices in office buildings0 aCulture conformity and carbon A multicountry analysis of heating cJan-03-2020 a1013440 v613 a

This study investigates human-building interaction in office spaces across multiple countries including Brazil, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the United States, and Taiwan. We analyze social-psychological, contextual, and demographic factors to explain cross-country differences in adaptive thermal actions (i.e. cooling and heating behaviors) and conformity to the norms of sharing indoor environmental control features, an indicator of energy consumption. Specifically, personal adjustments such as putting on extra clothes are generally preferred over technological solutions such as adjusting thermostats in reaction to thermal discomfort. Social-psychological factors including attitudes, perceived behavioral control, injunctive norms, and perceived impact of indoor environmental quality on work productivity influence occupants’ intention to conform to the norms of sharing environmental control features. Lastly, accessibility to environmental control features, office type, gender, and age are also important factors. These findings demonstrate the roles of social-psychological and certain contextual factors in occupants’
interactions with building design as well as their behavior of sharing environmental control features, both of which significantly influence building energy consumption, and thus, broader decarbonization.

1 aChen, Chien-fei1 aHong, Tianzhen1 ade Rubens, Gerardo, Zarazua1 aYilmaz, Selin1 aBandurski, Karol1 aBélafi, Zsófia, Deme1 aDe Simone, Marilena1 aBavaresco, Mateus, Vinícius1 aWang, Yu1 aLiu, Pei-ling1 aBarthelmes, Verena, M.1 aAdams, Jacqueline1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aPrzybylski, Łukasz uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/culture-conformity-and-carbon-multi02513nas a2200241 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146490000800215520166100223653003101884653003301915653003201948653002201980653002102002653002502023100001802048700002502066700002402091700002702115700001902142700002602161856008402187 2018 eng d00aHuman-building interaction at work: Findings from an interdisciplinary cross-country survey in Italy0 aHumanbuilding interaction at work Findings from an interdiscipli0 v1323 a

This study presents results from an interdisciplinary survey assessing contextual and behavioral factors driving occupants' interaction with building and systems in offices located across three different Mediterranean climates in Turin (Northern), Perugia (Central), and Rende (Southern) Italy. The survey instrument is grounded in an interdisciplinary framework that bridges the gap between building physics and social science environments on the energy- and comfort-related human-building interaction in the workspace. Outcomes of the survey questionnaire provide insights into four key learning objectives: (1) individual occupant's motivational drivers regarding interaction with shared building environmental controls (such as adjustable thermostats, operable windows, blinds and shades, and artificial lighting), (2) group dynamics such as perceived social norms, attitudes, and intention to share controls, (3) occupant perception of the ease of use and knowledge of how to operate control systems, and (4) occupant-perceived comfort, satisfaction, and productivity. This study attempts to identify climatic, cultural, and socio-demographic influencing factors, as well as to establish the validity of the survey instrument and robustness of outcomes for future studies. Also, the paper aims at illustrating why and how social science insights can bring innovative knowledge into the adoption of building technologies in shared contexts, thus enhancing perceived environmental satisfaction and effectiveness of personal indoor climate control in office settings and impacting office workers' productivity and reduced operational energy costs.

10aHuman-building interaction10aindoor environmental comfort10ainterdisciplinary framework10aoccupant behavior10aoffice buildings10aquestionnaire survey1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aPisello, Anna, Laura1 aDe Simone, Marilena1 aBarthelmes, Verena, M.1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aCorgnati, Stefano, P. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/human-building-interaction-work02581nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006200041210005700103520215200160100001802312700001902330700002002349856009002369 2017 eng d00aThe Human Dimensions of Energy Use in Buildings: A Review0 aHuman Dimensions of Energy Use in Buildings A Review3 a

The "human dimensions" of energy use in buildings refer to the energy-related behaviors of key stakeholders that affect energy use over the building life cycle. Stakeholders include building designers, operators, managers, engineers, occupants, industry, vendors, and policymakers, who directly or indirectly influence the acts of designing, constructing, living, operating, managing, and regulating the built environments, from individual building up to the urban scale. Among factors driving high-performance buildings, human dimensions play a role that is as significant as that of technological advances. However, this factor is not well understood, and, as a result, human dimensions are often ignored or simplified by stakeholders. This paper presents a review of the literature on human dimensions of building energy use to assess the state-of-the-art in this topic area. The paper highlights research needs for fully integrating human dimensions into the building design and operation processes with the goal of reducing energy use in buildings while enhancing occupant comfort and productivity. This research focuses on identifying key needs for each stakeholder involved in a building's lifecycle and takes an interdisciplinary focus that spans the fields of architecture and engineering design, sociology, data science, energy policy, codes, and standards to provide targeted insights. Greater understanding of the human dimensions of energy use has several potential benefits including reductions in operating cost for building owners;enhanced comfort conditions and productivity for building occupants;more effective building energy management and automation systems for building operators and energy managers; and the integration of more accurate control logic into the next generation of human-in-the-loop technologies. The review concludes by summarizing recommendations for policy makers and industry stakeholders for developing codes, standards, and technologies that can leverage the human dimensions of energy use to reliably predict and achieve energy use reductions in the residential and commercial buildings sectors.

1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLangevin, Jared uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/human-dimensions-energy-use-buildings02536nas a2200253 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123490000800192520173700200653002501937653002001962653001501982653002101997653003102018653002202049100001202071700001902083700001502102700002202117700001802139700002202157700001902179856008402198 2017 eng d00aIEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings0 aIEA EBC Annex 66 Definition and simulation of occupant behavior 0 v1563 a

More than 30% of the total primary energy in the world is consumed in buildings. It is crucial to reduce building energy consumption in order to preserve energy resources and mitigate global climate change. Building performance simulations have been widely used for the estimation and optimization of building performance, providing reference values for the assessment of building energy consumption and the effects of energy-saving technologies. Among the various factors influencing building energy consumption, occupant behavior has drawn increasing attention. Occupant behavior includes occupant presence, movement, and interaction with building energy devices and systems. However, there are gaps in occupant behavior modeling as different energy modelers have employed varied data and tools to simulate occupant behavior, therefore producing different and incomparable results. Aiming to address these gaps, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Community (EBC) Programme Annex 66 has established a scientific methodological framework for occupant behavior research, including data collection, behavior model representation, modeling and evaluation approaches, and the integration of behavior modeling tools with building performance simulation programs. Annex 66 also includes case studies and application guidelines to assist in building design, operation, and policymaking, using interdisciplinary approaches to reduce energy use in buildings and improve occupant comfort and productivity. This paper highlights the key research issues, methods, and outcomes pertaining to Annex 66, and offers perspectives on future research needs to integrate occupant behavior with the building life cycle.

10abuilding performance10aenergy modeling10aenergy use10aIEA EBC Annex 6610aInterdisciplinary approach10aoccupant behavior1 aYan, Da1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aDong, Bing1 aMahdavi, Ardeshir1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aGaetani, Isabella1 aFeng, Xiaohang uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/iea-ebc-annex-66-definition-and02042nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181520132600250653002201576653003601598653001801634653001501652653002201667100001901689700001701708700001901725700001801744856008601762 2017 eng d00aOccupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs0 aOccupant behavior models A critical review of implementation and3 a

Occupant behavior (OB) in buildings is a leading factor influencing energy use in buildings. Quantifying this influence requires the integration of OB models with building performance simulation (BPS). This study reviews approaches to representing and implementing OB models in today’s popular BPS programs, and discusses weaknesses and strengths of these approaches and key issues in integrating of OB models with BPS programs. Two key findings are: (1) a common data model is needed to standardize the representation of OB models, enabling their flexibility and exchange among BPS programs and user applications; the data model can be implemented using a standard syntax (e.g., in the form of XML schema), and (2) a modular software implementation of OB models, such as functional mock-up units for co-simulation, adopting the common data model, has advantages in providing a robust and interoperable integration with multiple BPS programs. Such common OB model representation and implementation approaches help standardize the input structures of OB models, enable collaborative development of a shared library of OB models, and allow for rapid and widespread integration of OB models with BPS programs to improve the simulation of occupant behavior and quantification of their impact on building performance.

10aBehavior Modeling10abuilding performance simulation10aco-simulation10adata model10aoccupant behavior1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aChen, Yixing1 aBelafi, Zsofia1 aD'Oca, Simona uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/occupant-behavior-models-critical01615nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120520095300189653002001142653001901162653002201181653003401203653002501237100001401262700001901276700001501295700002101310856009001331 2017 eng d00aA Preliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in Single-Family Homes0 aPreliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in SingleFamil3 a

As regional drought conditions continue deteriorating around the world, residential water use has been brought into the built environment spotlight. Nevertheless, the understanding of water use behavior in residential buildings is still limited. This paper presents data analytics and results from monitoring data of daily water use (DWU) in 50 single-family homes in Texas, USA. The results show the typical frequency distribution curve of the DWU per household and indicate personal income, education level and energy use of appliances all have statistically significant effects on the DWU per capita. Analysis of the water-intensive use demonstrates the residents tend to use more water in post-vacation days. These results help generate awareness of water use behavior in homes. Ultimately, this research could support policy makers to establish a water use baseline and inform water conservation programs.

 

10adaily water use10aData Analytics10aoccupant behavior10aresidential water consumption10aWater usage behavior1 aXue, Peng1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aDong, Bing1 aMak, Cheuk, Ming uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/preliminary-investigation-water-usage02072nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014300041210006900184520152000253100001801773700002001791700001901811700001901830856008901849 2017 eng d00aSynthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings0 aSynthesizing building physics with social psychology An interdis3 a

This study introduces an interdisciplinary framework for investigating building-user interaction in office spaces. The framework is a synthesis of theories from building physics and social psychology including social cognitive theory, the theory of planned behavior, and the drivers-needs-actions-systems ontology for energy-related behaviors. The goal of the research framework is to investigate the effects of various behavioral adaptations and building controls (i.e., adjusting thermostats, operating windows, blinds and shades, and switching on/off artificial lights) to determine impacts on occupant comfort and energy-related operational costs in the office environment. This study attempts to expand state-of-the-art understanding of: (1) the environmental, personal, and behavioral drivers motivating occupants to interact with building control systems across four seasons, (2) how occupants’ intention to share controls is influenced by social-psychological variables such as attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in group negotiation dynamic, (3) the perceived ease of usage and knowledge of building technologies, and (4) perceived satisfaction and productivity. To ground the validation of the theoretical framework in diverse office settings and contexts at the international scale, an online survey was designed to collect cross-country responses from office occupants among 14 universities and research centers within the United States, Europe, China, and Australia.

1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aChen, Chien-Fen1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aBelafi, Zsofia uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/synthesizing-building-physics-social01990nas a2200205 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118520131200187653002201499653002501521653002401546653001501570653002201585653002201607100001901629700001201648700001801660700002001678856008601698 2017 eng d00aTen Questions Concerning Occupant Behavior in Buildings: The Big Picture0 aTen Questions Concerning Occupant Behavior in Buildings The Big 3 a

Occupant behavior has significant impacts on building energy performance and occupant comfort. However, occupant behavior is not well understood and is often oversimplified in the building life cycle, due to its stochastic, diverse, complex, and interdisciplinary nature. The use of simplified methods or tools to quantify the impacts of occupant behavior in building performance simulations significantly contributes to performance gaps between simulated models and actual building energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to understand occupant behavior in a comprehensive way, integrating qualitative approaches and data- and model-driven quantitative approaches, and employing appropriate tools to guide the design and operation of low-energy residential and commercial buildings that integrate technological and human dimensions. This paper presents ten questions, highlighting some of the most important issues regarding concepts, applications, and methodologies in occupant behavior research. The proposed questions and answers aim to provide insights into occupant behavior for current and future researchers, designers, and policy makers, and most importantly, to inspire innovative research and applications to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy use in buildings.

 

10aBehavior Modeling10abuilding performance10abuilding simulation10aenergy use10ainterdisciplinary10aoccupant behavior1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aYan, Da1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aChen, Chien-Fei uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/ten-questions-concerning-occupant01628nas a2200241 4500008003900000245009100039210006900130260001200199300001200211490000800223520083600231653002201067653003401089653003601123653001501159653002201174100001901196700002801215700001801243700001201261700002601273856008701299 2016 d00aAdvances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings0 aAdvances in research and applications of energyrelated occupant  c03/2016 a694-7020 v1163 a

Occupant behavior is one of the major factors influencing building energy consumption and contributing to uncertainty in building energy use prediction and simulation. Currently the understanding of occupant behavior is insufficient both in building design, operation and retrofit, leading to incorrect simplifications in modeling and analysis. This paper introduced the most recent advances and current obstacles in modeling occupant behavior and quantifying its impact on building energy use. The major themes include advancements in data collection techniques, analytical and modeling methods, and simulation applications which provide insights into behavior energy savings potential and impact. There has been growing research and applications in this field, but significant challenges and opportunities still lie ahead.

10aBehavior Modeling10aBuilding design and operation10abuilding performance simulation10aenergy use10aoccupant behavior1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C.1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aYan, Da1 aCorgnati, Stefano, P. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/advances-research-and-applications02318nas a2200193 4500008003900000245006900039210006900108520165900177653001901836653003701855653001501892653002101907653002501928100001801953700002601971700002501997700001902022856008302041 2016 d00aIntroduction to an occupant behavior motivation survey framework0 aIntroduction to an occupant behavior motivation survey framework3 a

An increasing body of research is underlying the need to foster energy behaviors and interaction with technology as a way to achieve energy savings in office buildings. However, engaging office users into more “forgiving” comfort-adaptive behavior is not a trivial task, since neither consequences nor benefits for changing behavior have visible or tangible effects on them personally. Since the 70’s, survey studies in the field of building science have been used to gain better understanding of multidisciplinary drivers of occupant behavior with respect to comfort and energy requirements in buildings. Rather than focusing on individual behaviors – and influencing factors – purpose of this survey research is to provide quantitative descriptions on the collective and social motivations within the complexity of different social groups in working environment, under different geographical context, culture and norms. The resultant questionnaire survey emerges as a combination of traditional and adaptive comfort theories, merged with social science theory. The questionnaire explores to what extent the occupant energy-related behavior in working spaces is driven by a motivational sphere influenced by i) comfort requirements, ii) habits, iii) intentions and iv) actual control of building systems. The key elements of the proposed occupant behavior motivational framework are grounded on the Driver Need Action System framework for energy-related behaviors in buildings. Goal of the study is to construct an additional layer of standardized knowledge to enrich the state-of-the-art on energy-related behavior in office buildings.

10aDNAs framework10aenergy-related occupant behavior10amotivation10aoffice buildings10aquestionnaire survey1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aCorgnati, Stefano, P.1 aPisello, Anna, Laura1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/introduction-occupant-behavior02732nas a2200265 4500008003900000245013300039210006900172260001200241300001200253490000600265520189500271653001302166653001002179653002202189653001202211653001202223100002102235700001802256700001902274700002102293700002902314700001802343700001502361856009002376 2015 d00aAssessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Public Buildings in China with Advanced Window and Shading Systems0 aAssessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Pu c05/2015 a668-6990 v53 a

As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higher standard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codes and standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements for fenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to (a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enable characterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction and energy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent views on how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.

System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliant large office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available, highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66% lower perimeter zone HVAC electricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in cold climates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80% reductions in perimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38% reductions in Shanghai compared to the standard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the building industry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the proper supporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significant reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.

10abuilding10aChina10aenergy efficiency10ashading10awindows1 aLee, Eleanor, S.1 aPang, Xiufeng1 aMcNeil, Andrew1 aHoffmann, Sabine1 aThanachareonkit, Anothai1 aLi, Zhengrong1 aDing, Yong uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/assessment-potential-achieve-very-low00936nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260003000195520038100225653004400606653001000650100001800660700002200678700002400700856005400724 2015 eng d00aCLIMATE-SPECIFIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR BEST-PRACTICE INDIAN OFFICE BUILDINGS0 aCLIMATESPECIFIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR BESTPRACTICE INDIAN OF aHyderabad, Indiac12/20153 a

This paper describes the methodology and results of building energy modeling to validate and quantify the energy savings from conservation measures in medium-sized office buildings in four different climate zones in India. We present the different energy measures and their expected and simulated performances and discuss the results and the influence of climate. 

10aClimate specific building energy models10aindia1 aSingh, Reshma1 aRavache, Baptiste1 aDutton, Spencer, M. uhttp://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2015/p2714.pdf02141nas a2200109 4500008003900000245009800039210006900137520170600206100001801912700001901930856008201949 2015 d00aA Data-mining Approach to Discover Patterns of Window Opening and Closing Behavior in Offices0 aDatamining Approach to Discover Patterns of Window Opening and C3 a

Understanding the relationship between occupant behaviors and building energy consumption is one of the most effective ways to bridge the gap between predicted and actual energy consumption in buildings. However effective methodologies to remove the impact of other variables on building energy consumption and isolate the leverage of the human factor precisely are still poorly investigated. Moreover, the effectiveness of statistical and data mining approaches in finding meaningful correlations in data is largely undiscussed in literature. This study develops a framework combining statistical analysis with two data-mining techniques, cluster analysis and association rules mining, to identify valid window operational patterns in measured data. Analyses are performed on a data set with measured indoor and outdoor physical parameters and human interaction with operable windows in 16 offices. Logistic regression was first used to identify factors influencing window opening and closing behavior. Clustering procedures were employed to obtain distinct behavioral patterns, including motivational, opening duration, interactivity and window position patterns. Finally the clustered patterns constituted a base for association rules segmenting the window opening behaviors into two archetypal office user profiles for which different natural ventilation strategies as well as robust building design recommendations that may be appropriate. Moreover, discerned working user profiles represent more accurate input to building energy modeling programs, to investigate the impacts of typical window opening behavior scenarios on energy use, thermal comfort and productivity in office buildings

1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/data-mining-approach-discover02052nas a2200217 4500008003900000245008100039210006900120260005100189520129700240100001601537700002401553700002001577700002501597700001801622700001901640700002101659700002201680700002101702700002701723856008401750 2015 d00aGreen, Clean, & Mean: Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Buildings0 aGreen Clean Mean Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Bu bLawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryc05/20153 a

When it comes to innovation in energy and building performance, one can expect leading-edge activity from the technology sector. As front-line innovators in design, materials science, and information management, developing and operating high-performance buildings is a natural extension of their core business.

The energy choices made by technology companies have broad importance given their influence on society at large as well as the extent of their own energy footprint. Microsoft, for example, has approximately 250 facilities around the world (30 million square feet of floor area), with significant aggregate energy use of approximately 4 million kilowatt-hours per day.

There is a degree of existing documentation of efforts to design, build, and operate facilities in the technology sector. However, the material is fragmented and typically looks only at a single company, or discrete projects within a company.Yet, there is no single resource for corporate planners and decision makers that takes stock of the opportunities and documents sector-specific case studies in a structured manner. This report seeks to fill that gap, doing so through a combination of generalized technology assessments (“Key Strategies”) and case studies (“Flagship Projects”).

1 aMills, Evan1 aGranderson, Jessica1 aChan, Wanyu, R.1 aDiamond, Richard, C.1 aHaves, Philip1 aNordman, Bruce1 aMathew, Paul, A.1 aPiette, Mary, Ann1 aRobinson, Gerald1 aSelkowitz, Stephen, E. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/green-clean-mean-pushing-energy02039nas a2200217 4500008003900000245007300039210006900112260001200181300001200193490000700205520135500212653002301567653002401590653001601614653002301630653002201653653002001675100001801695700001901713856008901732 2015 d00aOccupancy Schedules Learning Process Through a Data Mining Framework0 aOccupancy Schedules Learning Process Through a Data Mining Frame c02/2015 a395-4080 v883 a

Building occupancy is a paramount factor in building energy simulations. Specifically, lighting, plug loads, HVAC equipment utilization, fresh air requirements and internal heat gain or loss greatly depends on the level of occupancy within a building. Developing the appropriate methodologies to describe and reproduce the intricate network responsible for human-building interactions are needed. Extrapolation of patterns from big data streams is a powerful analysis technique which will allow for a better understanding of energy usage in buildings. A three-step data mining framework is applied to discover occupancy patterns in office spaces. First, a data set of 16 offices with 10 min interval occupancy data, over a two year period is mined through a decision tree model which predicts the occupancy presence. Then a rule induction algorithm is used to learn a pruned set of rules on the results from the decision tree model. Finally, a cluster analysis is employed in order to obtain consistent patterns of occupancy schedules. The identified occupancy rules and schedules are representative as four archetypal working profiles that can be used as input to current building energy modeling programs, such as EnergyPlus or IDA-ICE, to investigate impact of occupant presence on design, operation and energy use in office buildings.

10aBehavioral Pattern10abuilding simulation10adata mining10aOccupancy schedule10aoccupant behavior10aOffice Building1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aHong, Tianzhen uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/occupancy-schedules-learning-process02313nas a2200265 4500008003900000245014200039210006900181260001200250300001200262490000700274520142200281653003201703653002401735653002001759653001001779653002201789653001501811100001901826700001801845700002801863700002701891700001701918700002601935856008601961 2015 d00aAn Ontology to Represent Energy-Related Occupant Behavior in Buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema0 aOntology to Represent EnergyRelated Occupant Behavior in Buildin c08/2015 a196-2050 v943 a

Energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is difficult to define and quantify, yet critical to our understanding of total building energy consumption. Part I of this two-part paper introduced the DNAS (Drivers, Needs, Actions and Systems) framework, to standardize the description of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper implements the DNAS framework into an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, titled ‘occupant behavior XML’ (obXML). The obXML schema is used for the practical implementation of the DNAS framework into building simulation tools. The topology of the DNAS framework implemented in the obXML schema has a main root element OccupantBehavior, linking three main elements representing Buildings, Occupants and Behaviors. Using the schema structure, the actions of turning on an air conditioner and closing blinds provide two examples of how the schema standardizes these actions using XML. The obXML schema has inherent flexibility to represent numerous, diverse and complex types of occupant behaviors in buildings, and it can also be expanded to encompass new types of behaviors. The implementation of the DNAS framework into the obXML schema will facilitate the development of occupant information modeling (OIM) by providing interoperability between occupant behavior models and building energy modeling programs.

10abuilding energy consumption10abuilding simulation10aenergy modeling10aobXML10aoccupant behavior10aXML schema1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C.1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aChen, Yixing1 aCorgnati, Stefano, P. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/ontology-represent-energy-related02575nas a2200241 4500008003900000245011800039210006900157260001200226300001200238490000700250520177500257653002002032653003802052653001302090653002202103653001302125653001502138100001902153700001802172700002702190700002802217856008802245 2015 d00aAn Ontology to Represent Energy-related Occupant Behavior in Buildings Part I: Introduction to the DNAs Framework0 aOntology to Represent Energyrelated Occupant Behavior in Buildin c10/2015 a764-7770 v923 a

Reducing energy consumption in the buildings sector requires significant changes, but technology alone may fail to guarantee efficient energy performance. Human behavior plays a pivotal role in building design, operation, management and retrofit, and is a crucial positive factor for improving the indoor environment, while reducing energy use at low cost. Over the past 40 years, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of human behavior on building technologies and operation. Often, need-action-event cognitive theoretical frameworks were used to represent human-machine interactions. In Part I of this paper a review of more than 130 published behavioral studies and frameworks was conducted. A large variety of data-driven behavioral models have been developed based on field monitoring of the human-building-system interaction. Studies have emerged scattered geographically around the world that lack in standardization and consistency, thus leading to difficulties when comparing one with another. To address this problem, an ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is presented. Accordingly, the technical DNAs framework is developed based on four key components: i) the Drivers of behavior, ii) the Needs of the occupants, iii) the Actions carried out by the occupants, and iv) the building systems acted upon by the occupants. This DNAs framework is envisioned to support the international research community to standardize a systematic representation of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper further develops the DNAs framework as an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, obXML, for exchange of occupant information modeling and integration with building simulation tools.

10aBuilding energy10ahuman-building-system interaction10amodeling10aoccupant behavior10aontology10asimulation1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aD'Oca, Simona1 aTurner, William, J. N.1 aTaylor-Lange, Sarah, C. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/ontology-represent-energy-related-000559nas a2200181 4500008003900000245005300039210005300092100001900145700001400164700002500178700001200203700001400215700001400229700001500243700001500258700001700273856008700290 2014 d00aIntegrated Design for High Performance Buildings0 aIntegrated Design for High Performance Buildings1 aHong, Tianzhen1 aLi, Cheng1 aDiamond, Richard, C.1 aYan, Da1 aZhang, Qi1 aZhou, Xin1 aGuo, Siyue1 aSun, Kaiyu1 aWang, Jingyi uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/integrated-design-high-performance01318nas a2200193 4500008003900000245006300039210006300102260002500165520071500190100002400905700001500929700001900944700002200963700002900985700002601014700002001040700001801060856004601078 2012 d00aApplication of a stochastic window use model in EnergyPlus0 aApplication of a stochastic window use model in EnergyPlus aMadison, WIc08/20123 a

Natural ventilation, used appropriately, has the potential to provide both significant HVAC energy savings, and improvements in occupant satisfaction.

Central to the development of natural ventilation models is the need to accurately represent the behavior of building occupants. The work covered in this paper describes a method of implementing a stochastic window model in EnergyPlus. Simulated window use data from three stochastic window opening models was then compared to measured window opening behavior, collected in a naturally-ventilated office in California. Recommendations regarding the selection of stochastic window use models, and their implementation in EnergyPlus, are presented.

1 aDutton, Spencer, M.1 aZhang, Hui1 aZhai, Yongchao1 aArens, Edward, A.1 aSmires, Youness, Bennani1 aBrunswick, Samuel, L.1 aKonis, Kyle, S.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gm7r78300396nas a2200133 4500008004100000245002700041210002700068100001800095700001800113700002100131700002000152700001500172856007500187 2010 eng d00aBuildWise Final Report0 aBuildWise Final Report1 aKeane, Marcus1 aCosta, Andrea1 aO'Donnell, James1 aMenzel, Karsten1 aDirk, Alan uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/buildwise-final-report00477nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004300041210003000084260002700114100001700141700001500158700002300173700002600196700001500222856009400237 2009 eng d00a“The Monitoring,” Panel: Chill-Off0 aMonitoring Panel ChillOff aSunnyvale, CAc10/20091 aNelson, Dean1 aDay, Brian1 aBell, Geoffrey, C.1 aBhattacharya, Prajesh1 aRyan, Mike uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/%E2%80%9C-monitoring%E2%80%9D-panel-chill00580nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260002600190100001800216700001800234700001500252700002000267700002300287700002600310856008600336 2007 eng d00aCoverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive Environments0 aCoverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive E aAnchorage, ALc5/20071 aSen, Arunabha1 aDas, Nibedita1 aZhou, Ling1 aShen, Bao, Hong1 aMurthy, Sudheendra1 aBhattacharya, Prajesh uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/coverage-problem-sensors-embedded00740nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006200041210006200103260007500165100002100240700002400261700001300285700002400298700002100322700002200343700002100365700001400386700002100400700002700421856008600448 2007 eng d00aEnergy Performance of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems0 aEnergy Performance of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems bCalifornia Energy Commission - Public Interest Energy Research Program1 aBauman, Fred, S.1 aWebster, Thomas, L.1 aJin, Hui1 aLukaschek, Wolfgang1 aBenedek, Corinne1 aArens, Edward, A.1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 aLui, Anna1 aBuhl, Walter, F.1 aDickerhoff, Darryl, J. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/energy-performance-underfloor-air00459nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122260003200191100001700223700002300240856008600263 2006 eng d00aAnalysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associated Case Study0 aAnalysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associate aCambridge, MA, USAc08/20061 aDoebber, Ian1 aMcClintock, Maurya uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/analysis-process-designing-double00665nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260003600211100001800247700002600265700002700291700001800318700002400336700002400360700002700384856008400411 2006 eng d00aDevelopment of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings0 aDevelopment of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring  aPacific Grove, CA, USAc08/20061 aHaves, Philip1 aHitchcock, Robert, J.1 aGillespie, Kenneth, L.1 aBrook, Martha1 aShockman, Christine1 aDeringer, Joseph, J1 aKinney, Kristopher, L. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/development-model-specification01770nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142260003900211520111000250100001801360700002601378700002701404700001801431700002401449700002401473700002701497856006401524 2006 eng d00aDevelopment of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings0 aDevelopment of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring  aAsilomar, California, USAc08/20063 a

The paper describes the development of a model specification for performance monitoring systems for commercial buildings. The specification focuses on four key aspects of performance monitoring: performance metrics measurement system requirements data acquisition and archiving data visualization and reporting The aim is to assist building owners in specifying the extensions to their control systems that are required to provide building operators with the information needed to operate their buildings more efficiently and to provide automated diagnostic tools with the information required to detect and diagnose faults and problems that degrade energy performance. The paper reviews the potential benefits of performance monitoring, describes the specification guide and discusses briefly the ways in which it could be implemented. A prototype advanced visualization tool is also described, along with its application to performance monitoring. The paper concludes with a description of the ways in which the specification and the visualization tool are being disseminated and deployed.

1 aHaves, Philip1 aHitchcock, Robert, J.1 aGillespie, Kenneth, L.1 aBrook, Martha1 aShockman, Christine1 aDeringer, Joseph, J1 aKinney, Kristopher, L. uhttp://www.aceee.org/proceedings-paper/ss06/panel03/paper1001826nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260002800210520122700238100002701465700001801492700002601510700002401536700002701560856008101587 2006 eng d00aA Guide for Specifying Performance Monitoring Systems in Commercial and Institutional Buildings0 aGuide for Specifying Performance Monitoring Systems in Commercia aSan Francisco, CAc20063 a

This paper describes a guide for specifying performance monitoring systems that was developed as part of jointly funded CEC PIER-DOE project intended to assist commercial and institutional building owners in specifying what is required to obtain the information necessary to initiate and sustain an ongoing commissioning activity. The project's goal was to facilitate the delivery of specific performance related information to the benefit of both commissioning providers and building operators. A number of large-building owners were engaged in order to help create 'market pull' for performance monitoring while producing a specification that met their needs. The specification guide and example specification language addresses four key aspects of performance monitoring:

The paper describes key aspects of the guide including how measurement accuracy requirements relate to the performance metrics that are used in both troubleshooting and routine reporting. Guide development activities and related tech-transfer efforts are also presented.

1 aGillespie, Kenneth, L.1 aHaves, Philip1 aHitchcock, Robert, J.1 aDeringer, Joseph, J1 aKinney, Kristopher, L. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/guide-specifying-performance00504nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006100041210006000102260003600162100002500198700001800223700001800241700002300259856008800282 2006 eng d00aZero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition0 aZero Energy Buildings A Critical Look at the Definition aPacific Grove, CA, USAc08/20061 aTorcellini, Paul, A.1 aPless, Shanti1 aDeru, Michael1 aCrawley, Drury, B. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/zero-energy-buildings-critical-look00511nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260003000195100003500225700002100260700001800281856009000299 2005 eng d00aDesign of the Natural Ventilation System for the New San Diego Children's Museum0 aDesign of the Natural Ventilation System for the New San Diego C aMontreal, Canadac08/20051 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 aBrook, Martha uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/design-natural-ventilation-system-new01819nas a2200145 4500008004100000245005600041210005600097260003000153520132100183100001801504700002301522700001801545700002201563856008801585 2005 eng d00aImproving the Data Available to Simulation Programs0 aImproving the Data Available to Simulation Programs aMontreal, Canadac08/20053 a

Building performance simulation tools have significantly improved in quality and depth of analysis capability over the past thirty-five years. Yet despite these increased capabilities, simulation programs still depend on user entry for significant data about building components, loads, and other typically scheduled inputs. This often forces users to estimate values or find previously compiled sets of data for these inputs. Often there is little information about how the data were derived, what purposes it is fit for, which standards apply, uncertainty associated with each data field as well as a general description of the data.

A similar problem bedeviled access to weather data and Crawley, Hand, and Lawrie (1999) described a generalized weather data format developed for use with two energy simulation programs which has subsequently lead to a repository which is accessed by thousands of practitioners each year.

This paper describes a generalized format and data documentation for user input—whether it is building envelope components, scheduled loads, or environmental emissions—the widgets upon which all models are dependant. We present several examples of the new input data format including building envelope component, a scheduled occupant load, and environmental emissions.

1 aHand, Jon, W.1 aCrawley, Drury, B.1 aDonn, Michael1 aLawrie, Linda, K. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/improving-data-available-simulation00873nas a2200253 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147260002100216300001500237100002900252700001700281700002100298700002000319700001800339700002100357700001800378700001900396700001900415700002300434700003100457700002200488700002200510856008700532 2005 eng d00aMOSILAB: Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool supporting modal structural dynamics0 aMOSILAB Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool  aHamburg, Germany app.527-5341 aNytsch-Geusen, Christoph1 aErnst, Thilo1 aSchneider, Peter1 aVetter, Mathias1 aHolm, Andreas1 aLeopold, Juergen1 aDoll, Ullrich1 aNordwig, Andre1 aSchwarz, Peter1 aWittwer, Christoph1 aNouidui, Thierry, Stephane1 aSchmidt, Gerhardt1 aMattes, Alexander uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/mosilab-development-modelica-based01965nas a2200145 4500008004100000050001500041245007800056210006900134260002500203520144600228100001301674700001801687700002401705856009001729 2005 eng d aLBNL-5580100aA Simulation-Based Testing and Training Environment for Building Controls0 aSimulationBased Testing and Training Environment for Building Co aBoulder, COc08/20043 a

A hybrid simulation environment for controls testing and training is described. A real-time simulation of a building and HVAC system is coupled to a real building control system using a hardware interface. A prototype has been constructed and tested in which the dynamic performance of both the HVAC equipment and the building envelope is simulated using SPARK (Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel). A low cost hardware interface between the simulation and the real control system is implemented using plug-in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog cards in a personal computer. The design and implementation of the hardware interface in SPARK are described. The development of a variant of this environment that uses a derivative of EnergyPlus to test the implementation of a natural ventilation control strategy in real control hardware is also described.

Various applications of the hybrid simulation environment are briefly described, including the development of control algorithms and strategies, control system product testing and the pre-commissioning of building control system installations. The application to the education and training of building operators and HVAC service technicians is discussed in more detail, including the development of a community college curriculum that includes the use of the hybrid simulation environment to teach both control system configuration and HVAC troubleshooting.

1 aXu, Peng1 aHaves, Philip1 aDeringer, Joseph, J uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/simulation-based-testing-and-training02088nas a2200157 4500008004100000050001500041245009400056210006900150300001200219490000700231520153000238100003501768700002101803700001801824856008801842 2004 eng d aLBNL-5601000aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building0 aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally V a211-2210 v253 a

The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. Each floor is designed to be cross-ventilated, through upper windows that are controlled by the building management system. Users have control over lower level windows, which can be as much as 50% of the total openable area. There are significant differences in the performance and the control of the windward and leeward sides of the building, and separate monitoring and control strategies are determined for each side. The performance and control of the building has been designed and tested using a modified version of EnergyPlus. Results from studies with EnergyPlus and computational fluid dynamics are used in designing the control strategy. Wind-driven cross-ventilation produces a main jet through the upper openings of the building, across the ceiling from the windward to the leeward side. Below this jet, the occupied regions are subject to a recirculating airflow. Results show that temperatures within the building are predicted to be satisfactory, provided a suitable control strategy is implemented that uses night cooling in periods of hot weather. The control strategy has 10 window opening modes. EnergyPlus was extended to simulate the effects of these modes, and to assess the effects of different forms of user behaviour. The results show how user behaviour can significantly influence the building performance.

(Note: PDF contains both LBNL-56010 & LBNL-56010 Conf.)

1 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/design-and-testing-control-strategy01971nas a2200157 4500008004100000024001500041245009400056210006900150300001200219490000700231520145700238100003501695700002101730700001801751856004401769 2004 eng d aLBNL-5601000aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building0 aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally V a223-2390 v253 aThe design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. Each floor is designed to be cross-ventilated, through upper windows that are controlled by the building management system. Users have control over lower level windows, which can be as much as 50% of the total openable area. There are significant differences in the performance and the control of the windward and leeward sides of the building, and separate monitoring and control strategies are determined for each side. The performance and control of the building has been designed and tested using a modified version of EnergyPlus. Results from studies with EnergyPlus and computational fluid dynamics are used in designing the control strategy. Wind-driven cross-ventilation produces a main jet through the upper openings of the building, across the ceiling from the windward to the leeward side. Below this jet, the occupied regions are subject to a recirculating airflow. Results show that temperatures within the building are predicted to be satisfactory, provided a suitable control strategy is implemented that uses night cooling in periods of hot weather. The control strategy has 10 window opening modes. EnergyPlus was extended to simulate the effects of these modes, and to assess the effects of different forms of user behaviour. The results show how user behaviour can significantly influence the building performance.1 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 aHaves, Philip uhttp://bse.sagepub.com/content/25/3/22301945nas a2200145 4500008004100000024001500041245007800056210006900134260001600203520144200219100001301661700001801674700002401692856008301716 2004 eng d aLBNL-5580100aA simulation-based testing and training environment for building controls0 asimulationbased testing and training environment for building co aBoulder, CO3 a

A hybrid simulation environment for controls testing and training is described. A real-time simulation of a building and HVAC system is coupled to a real building control system using a hardware interface. A prototype has been constructed and tested in which the dynamic performance of both the HVAC equipment and the building envelope is simulated using SPARK (Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel). A low cost hardware interface between the simulation and the real control system is implemented using plug-in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog cards in a personal computer. The design and implementation of the hardware interface in SPARK are described. The development of a variant of this environment that uses a derivative of EnergyPlus to test the implementation of a natural ventilation control strategy in real control hardware is also described. Various applications of the hybrid simulation environment are briefly described, including the development of control algorithms and strategies, control system product testing and the pre-commissioning of building control system installations. The application to the education and training of building operators and HVAC service technicians is discussed in more detail, including the development of a community college curriculum that includes the use of the hybrid simulation environment to teach both control system configuration and HVAC troubleshooting.

1 aXu, Peng1 aHaves, Philip1 aDeringer, Joseph, J uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/simulation-based-testing-and-000571nas a2200121 4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260004400257100002400301700001900325700001900344856008600363 2004 eng d00aTransferred Just on Paper? Why Doesn't the Reality of Transferring/Adapting Energy Efficiency Codes and Standards Come Close to the Potential?0 aTransferred Just on Paper Why Doesnt the Reality of Transferring aPacific Grove, California, USAc08/20041 aDeringer, Joseph, J1 aIyer, Maithili1 aHuang, Yu, Joe uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/transferred-just-paper-why-doesnt01277nas a2200157 4500008004100000024001500041245008400056210006900140300001200209490000700221520077300228100001801001700002101019700003501040856004401075 2004 eng d aLBNL-5601100aUse of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building0 aUse of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated  a211-2210 v253 aThe design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. The EnergyPlus thermal simulation program was used to evaluate different ventilation strategies for space cooling and rationalize the design of the façade. The strategies include ventilation driven by different combinations of wind, internal stack and external stack. The simulation results indicate that wind-driven ventilation can maintain adequate comfort even during hot periods. Computational fluid dynamics was used to study the airflow and temperature distribution in the occupied spaces arising from different combinations of window openings and outside conditions and thereby inform both the design of the windows and the control strategy.1 aHaves, Philip1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho uhttp://bse.sagepub.com/content/25/3/21100585nas a2200145 4500008004100000024001500041245009400056210006900150260003600219100003500255700002100290700002000311700001800331856009000349 2003 eng d aLBNL-5601000aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building0 aDesign and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally V aEindhoven, Netherlandsc08/20031 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho1 aLinden, Paul, F.1 aMcConahey, Erin1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/design-and-testing-control-strategy-100537nas a2200133 4500008004100000024001500041245009500056210006900151260003600220100001800256700003500274700002100309856007300330 2003 eng d aLBNL-5601100aUse of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated Commercial Office Building0 aUse of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated  aEindhoven, Netherlandsc08/20031 aHaves, Philip1 ada Graça, Guilherme, Carrilho1 aLinden, Paul, F. uhttp://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive/IBPSA/UFSC912.pdf01529nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001000200490000600210520097900216100002001195700002501215700002301240700001801263856009001281 2000 eng d00aQualitative Comparison of North American and U.K. Cooling Load Calculation Procedures0 aQualitative Comparison of North American and UK Cooling Load Cal a75-990 v63 a

A qualitative comparison is presented between three current North American and U.K. design cooling load calculation methods. The methods compared are the ASHRAE Heat Balance Method, the Radiant Time Series Method and the Admittance Method, used in the U.K. The methods are compared and contrasted in terms of their overall structure. In order to generate the values of the 24 hourly cooling loads, comparison was also made in terms of the processing of the input data and the solution of the equations required. Specific comparisons are made between the approximations used by the three calculation methods to model some of the principal heat transfer mechanisms. Conclusions are drawn regarding the ability of the simplified methods to correctly predict peak-cooling loads compared to the Heat Balance Method predictions. Comment is also made on the potential for developing similar approaches to cooling load calculation in the U.K. and North America in the future.

1 aRees, Simon, J.1 aSpitler, Jeffrey, D.1 aDavies, Morris, G.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/qualitative-comparison-north-american02115nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129490000800198520163400206100001801840700002401858700001901882856008001901 1998 eng d00aA Standard Simulation Testbed for the Evaluation of Control Algorithms & Strategies0 aStandard Simulation Testbed for the Evaluation of Control Algori0 v1043 a

This paper, which reports the results of ASHRAE Research Project 825, describes the development of a set of tools and supporting data to facilitate the evaluation of HVAC control algorithms and strategies using computer simulation. The tools consist of a documented set of component models for use in two component-based HVAC simulation programs. New models have been developed to enable explicit simulation of flow rates and pressure drops in ventilation systems, particularly variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, and detailed simulation of algorithms and strategies used in HVAC control systems. A mixed-use building equipped with a VAV HVAC system has been extensively documented, and a detailed model of the fabric, mechanical equipment, and controls has been produced in order to illustrate the capabilities and use of the tools. Values for the parameters in the component models describing the fabric and mechanical equipment are based on construction drawings, manufacturer's specifications, surveys, and measurements. Detailed models of the strategies for fan control, supply air temperature control, and room temperature control were developed from the controls manufacturer's technical information and the configuration of the actual control system. A simulation model of the whole building was then assembled from the models of the fabric, mechanical equipment, and controls. Results obtained by exercising the test bed in order to demonstrate its use in evaluating the performance of interacting control loops are presented. The paper concludes by discussing possible applications and extensions of the test bed.

1 aHaves, Philip1 aNorford, Leslie, K.1 aDeSimone, Mark uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/standard-simulation-testbed01440nas a2200265 4500008004100000024002400041245008600065210006900151250000600220260001600226490000800242520064800250653002100898653001400919653001800933653001300951653001500964653001200979653001400991100001801005700002001023700002201043700002301065856008601088 1996 eng d aPaper no. AT-96-1-100aDevelopment and Testing of a Prototype Tool for HVAC Control System Commissioning0 aDevelopment and Testing of a Prototype Tool for HVAC Control Sys a1 aAtlanta, GA0 v1023 a

Describes a set of automated tests for use in commissioning the controls associated with coils and mixing boxes in air-handling units. The test procedures were developed using a computer simulation of an office building air conditioning system and were verified by manual testing in real buildings. A prototype automated commissioning system was then evaluated in blind tests on a large air conditioning test rig. Concludes that automated commissioning has the potential to reduce the cost and increase the thoroughness of HVAC controls commissioning. A prototype commissioning tool is under development based on the described approach.

10aair conditioning10aautomatic10acommissioning10acontrols10aprototypes10atesting10ayear 19961 aHaves, Philip1 aJorgensen, D.R.1 aSalsbury, Tim, I.1 aDexter, Arthur, L. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/development-and-testing-prototype01341nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118490000700187520094000194100002301134700001801157856004401175 1994 eng d00aEvaluating the Performance of Building Control Systems using an Emulator0 aEvaluating the Performance of Building Control Systems using an 0 v153 aThe control performance of an air-conditioning system is assessed using a qualitative method of evaluation. Fuzzy logic is used to relate performance criteria expressed in the form of IF-THEN rules to quantitative measures of energy consumption, discomfort, and maintenance costs. Test data were generated using an emulator consisting of a real-time simulation of the building shell and HVAC plant, together with a hardware interface that connects the simulation to commercial control equipment. Two case studies are presented. In the first, the effect of changing the strategy used to determine the zone temperature set-points is evaluated using 'expert rules', generated by a hypothetical facilities manager. In the second case study, the effect of varying the tuning parameters of the control system is evaluated using two sets of rules assumed to represent the differing perspectives of a facilities manager and a control engineer.1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip uhttp://bse.sagepub.com/content/15/3.toc00468nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007000041210006700111260001800178100002300196700002400219700001800243856008500261 1994 eng d00aFault Detection in Air-Conditioning Systems Using A.I. Techniques0 aFault Detection in AirConditioning Systems Using AI Techniques aYork, England1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aFargus, Richard, S.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/fault-detection-air-conditioning00600nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260002900197100002300226700002300249700002400272700001800296700002200314700002500336856008100361 1994 eng d00aModel-Based Approaches to Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Air-Conditioning System0 aModelBased Approaches to Fault Detection and Diagnosis in AirCon aLiège, Belgiumc12/19941 aBenouarets, Mourad1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aFargus, Richard, S.1 aHaves, Philip1 aSalsbury, Tim, I.1 aWright, Jonathan, A. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/model-based-approaches-fault00446nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005200041210005200093260002900145100002300174700001800197700002000215856008900235 1993 eng d00aAutomatic Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems0 aAutomatic Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems aLondon, Englandc11/19931 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip1 aJorgensen, D.R. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/automatic-commissioning-hvac-control00488nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126260002800195100002300223700001800246700002000264856008200284 1993 eng d00aDevelopment of Techniques to Assist in the Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems0 aDevelopment of Techniques to Assist in the Commissioning of HVAC aManchester, UKc05/19931 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip1 aJorgensen, D.R. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/development-techniques-assist00501nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001400190100002000204700002300224700001300247700001800260856008900278 1991 eng d00aSelf-tuning Control with Fuzzy Rule-Based Supervision for HVAC Applications0 aSelftuning Control with Fuzzy RuleBased Supervision for HVAC App aSingapore1 aLing, Keck-Voon1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aGeng, G.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/self-tuning-control-fuzzy-rule-based00781nas a2200241 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149490000700218653002100225653001400246653001800260653002200278653001300300653002200313653001200335653001600347100001800363700002300381700002000404700002000424700001300444856008200457 1991 eng d00aUse of a Building Emulator to Develop Techniques for Improved Commissioning and Control of HVAC Systems0 aUse of a Building Emulator to Develop Techniques for Improved Co0 v9710aair conditioning10aautomatic10acommissioning10acomputer programs10acontrols10aenergy management10aheating10aventilation1 aHaves, Philip1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aJorgensen, D.R.1 aLing, Keck-Voon1 aGeng, G. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/use-building-emulator-develop00469nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009300041210006900134260003200203100001800235700002300253856008300276 1991 eng d00aUse of a Building Emulator to Evaluate Control Strategies Implemented in Commercial BEMS0 aUse of a Building Emulator to Evaluate Control Strategies Implem aCantebury, Englandc04/19911 aHaves, Philip1 aDexter, Arthur, L. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/use-building-emulator-evaluate01682nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137260002600206300001200232520101800244100002501262700001501287700001801302700002301320700002201343700002001365700001901385856008401404 1991 eng d00aUse of Building Emulators to Evaluate the Performance of Building Energy Management Systems0 aUse of Building Emulators to Evaluate the Performance of Buildin aNice, Francec08/1991 a209-2133 a

Three complementary approaches may be used in the evaluation of the performance of building control systems-simulation, emulation and field testing. In emulation a real-time simulation of the building and HVAC plant is connected to a real building energy management system (BEMS) via a hardware interface. Emulation has the advantage of allowing controlled, repeatable experiments whilst testing real devices that may contain proprietary algorithms. Building emulators have been developed by the authors in the context of lEA Annex 17, which is concerned with the use of simulation to evaluate the performance of BEMS. The paper discusses different approaches to the design of building emulators and describes the different architectures, hardware and software used by the authors. The problem of evaluating the overall performance of BEMS is discussed and results are presented that illustrate the use of emulators to investigate the influence of the tuning of local loop controls on building performance.

1 aVaezi-Nejad, Hossein1 aHutter, E.1 aHaves, Philip1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aKelly, George, E.1 aNusgens, Pierre1 aWang, Shengwei uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/use-building-emulators-evaluate00456nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260002900186100002300215700001800238856009000256 1990 eng d00aThe Influence of Tuning on the Performance of a Building Control System0 aInfluence of Tuning on the Performance of a Building Control Sys aLiège, Belgiumc12/19901 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/influence-tuning-performance-building00380nas a2200097 4500008004100000245005800041210005500099100002300154700001800177856008700195 1989 eng d00aA Robust Self-Tuning Controller for HVAC Applications0 aRobust SelfTuning Controller for HVAC Applications1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/robust-self-tuning-controller-hvac00373nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003800041210003800079260002200117100002300139700001800162856008300180 1989 eng d00aSimulation of Local Loop Controls0 aSimulation of Local Loop Controls aVancouver, Canada1 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/simulation-local-loop-controls00555nas a2200169 4500008003900000245004100039210004100080260003500121100002500156700002200181700002400203700002200227700002000249700002500269700003000294856006100324 1989 d00aThermal Energy Storage System Sizing0 aThermal Energy Storage System Sizing aVancouver, BC, Canadac01/19891 aDumortier, Dominique1 aKammerud, Ron, C.1 aBirdsall, Bruce, E.1 aAndersson, Brandt1 aEto, Joseph, H.1 aCarroll, William, L.1 aWinkelmann, Frederick, C. uhttp://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1989/BS89_357_362.pdf01083nas a2200133 4500008003900000245007600039210006900115260001800184490000700202520061200209100002000821700002600841856008200867 1988 d00aSaving Electricity in Commercial Buildings with Adjustable-Speed Drives0 aSaving Electricity in Commercial Buildings with AdjustableSpeed  bIEEEc05/19880 v243 a

Fan and chiller energy savings achievable in commercial buildings with adjustable-speed drives are described. The savings are estimated with the aid of parametric simulations from a sophisticated, hourly building energy simulation model. Two prototypes-a single-zone retail store and a multizone medium office building-are simulated for five U.S. locations. The model incorporates part-load performance curves for both inlet vane and adjustable-speed drive controls for fans and centrifugal chillers. The results identify economic conditions that justify the added expense of adjustable-speed drives.

1 aEto, Joseph, H.1 aDe Almeida, Anibal, T uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/saving-electricity-commercial01698nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006200041210006000103260001200163300001200175490000600187520117800193100001601371700002101387700002201408700001801430856008001448 1987 eng d00aPerformance of Roofpond Cooled Residences in U.S. Climate0 aPerformance of Roofpond Cooled Residences in US Climate c01/1987 a265-2920 v43 a

The thermal advantages of a roofpond as an element of a residential cooling system are described. The authors conducted heat transfer experiments at two roofpond residences (RPRs) at Trinity University; the authors used data from these experiments to validate RPR simulations. Results of measurements of vertical and horizontal temperature differences within roofponds are discussed. Horizontal heat transfer within one water bag was effective. Thermal resistance at the outer surface of a water bag with a deflated glazing can be significant. Simulation shows that an RPR can provide comfort without supplemental sensible cooling during almost all hours of a typical summer in any U.S climate. Ceiling fans are important in most climates. In the most demanding climates, the residence and the pond insulating panels must have high R-value. A map is included that provides RPR design guidance. The simulations indicate that dehumidification will be required to control mold, mildew, and ceiling condensation in an RPR in most climates; energy and power displacement by an RPR is sensitive to the humidity control required and the efficiency of the dehumidifier used.

1 aClark, Gene1 aLoxsom, Fred, M.1 aDoderer, Earl, S.1 aHaves, Philip uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/performance-roofpond-cooled00593nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159260003500228490000600263100002300269700002600292700001800318700002900336856008200365 1987 eng d00aThe Use of Dynamic Simulation Models to Evaluate Algorithms for Building Energy Control: Experience with HVACSIM+0 aUse of Dynamic Simulation Models to Evaluate Algorithms for Buil aLausanne, Switzerlandc09/19870 v81 aDexter, Arthur, L.1 aEftekhari, Mahroo, M.1 aHaves, Philip1 aJota, Fábio, Gonçalves uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/use-dynamic-simulation-models00478nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102260001700163100001600180700002100196700001800217700002200235856008700257 1983 eng d00aResults of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences0 aResults of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences aSanta Fe, NM1 aClark, Gene1 aLoxsom, Fred, M.1 aHaves, Philip1 aDoderer, Earl, S. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/results-validated-simulations-roof00493nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125260002700194100001800221700002100239700002200260856008900282 1982 eng d00aDehumidification and Passive Cooling for Retrofit and Conventional Construction0 aDehumidification and Passive Cooling for Retrofit and Convention aKnoxville, TNc07/19821 aHaves, Philip1 aLoxsom, Fred, M.1 aDoderer, Earl, S. uhttps://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/publications/dehumidification-and-passive-cooling