@article {32159, title = {Revealing Urban Morphology and Outdoor Comfort through Genetic Algorithm-Driven Urban Block Design in Dry and Hot Regions of China}, journal = {Sustainability}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-07-2019}, pages = {3683}, abstract = {

In areas with a dry and hot climate, factors such as strong solar radiation, high temperature, low humidity, dazzling light, and dust storms can tremendously reduce people{\textquoteright}s thermal comfort. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention to outdoor thermal comfort in urban environments as part of urban design. This study proposed an automatic workflow to optimize urban spatial forms with the aim of improvement of outdoor thermal comfort conditions, characterized by the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). A city with a dry and hot climate{\textemdash}Kashgar, China{\textemdash}is further selected as an actual case study of an urban block and Rhino \& Grasshopper is the platform used to conduct simulation and optimization process with the genetic algorithm. Results showed that in summer, the proposed method can reduce the averaged UTCI from 31.17 to 27.43 {\textdegree}C, a decrease of about 3.74 {\textdegree}C, and reduce mean radiation temperature (MRT) from 43.94 to 41.29 {\textdegree}C, a decrease of about 2.65 {\textdegree}C.

}, keywords = {dry and hot areas; outdoor thermal comfort; urban morphology; urban performance simulation; genetic algorithm-driven}, doi = {10.3390/su11133683}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/13/3683https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/13/3683/pdf}, author = {Xu, Xiaodong and Yin, Chenhuan and Wang, Wei and Xu, Ning and Hong, Tianzhen and Li, Qi} } @article {31310, title = {Representation and evolution of urban weather boundary conditions in downtown Chicago}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2018}, month = {11/2018}, pages = {1 - 14}, abstract = {

This study presents a novel computing technique for data exchange and coupling between a high-resolution weather simulation model and a building energy model, with a goal of evaluating the impact of urban weather boundary conditions on energy performance of urban buildings. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is initialized with the operational High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) dataset to provide hourly weather conditions over the Chicago region. We utilize the building footprint, land use, and building stock datasets to generate building energy models using EnergyPlus. We mapped the building exterior surfaces to local air nodes to import simulated microclimate data and to export buildings{\textquoteright} heat emissions to their local environment. Preliminary experiments for a test area in Chicago show that predicted building cooling energy use differs by about 4.7\% for the selected date when compared with simulations using TMY weather data and without considering the urban microclimate boundary conditions.

}, keywords = {coupling, energy modeling, energyplus, Urban climate modeling, WRF}, issn = {1940-1493}, doi = {10.1080/19401493.2018.1534275}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19401493.2018.1534275https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19401493.2018.1534275}, author = {Rajeev Jain and Xuan Luo and G{\"o}khan Sever and Tianzhen Hong and Charlie Catlett} } @article {58863, title = {Review of Existing Energy Retrofit Tools}, year = {2014}, author = {Sang Hoon Lee and Tianzhen Hong and Mary Ann Piette} } @conference {59966, title = {Revisit of Energy Use and Technologies of High Performance Buildings}, booktitle = {2014 ASHRAE Annual Conference}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, publisher = {ASHRAE}, organization = {ASHRAE}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Energy consumed by buildings accounts for one third of the world{\textquoteright}s total primary energy use. Associated with the conscious of energy savings in buildings, High Performance Buildings (HPBs) has surged across the world, with wide promotion and adoption of various performance rating and certification systems. It is valuable to look into the actual energy performance of HPBs and to understand their influencing factors.

To shed some light on this topic, this paper conducted a series of portfolio analysis based on a database of 51 high performance office buildings across the world. Analyses showed that the actual site Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of the 51 buildings varied by a factor of up to 11, indicating a large scale of variation of the actual energy performance of the current HPBs. Further analysis of the correlation between EUI and climate elucidated ubiquitous phenomenon of EUI scatter throughout all climate zones, implying that the weather is not a decisive factor, although important, for the actual energy consumption of an individual building. On the building size via EUI, analysis disclosed that smaller buildings have a tendency to achieving lower energy use. Even so, the correlation is not absolute since some large buildings demonstrated low energy use while some small buildings performed opposite. Concerning the technologies, statistics indicated that the application of some technologies had correlations with some specific building size and climate characteristic. However, it was still hard to pinpoint a set of technologies which was directly correlative with a group of low EUI buildings.

It is concluded that no a single factor essentially determines the actual energy performance of HPBs. To deliver energy-efficient buildings, an integrated design taking account of climate, technology, occupant behavior as well as operation and maintenance should be implemented.

}, url = {https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/se-14-c033-revisit-of-energy-use-and-technologies-of-high-performance-buildings}, author = {Cheng Li and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {31985, title = {The Role of International Partnerships in Delivering Low- Energy Building Design: A Case Study of the Singapore Scientific Planning Process}, journal = {Sustainable Cities and Society}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, abstract = {

This paper explores the role of international partnerships to facilitate low-energy building
design, construction, and operations. We briefly discuss multiple collaboration models
and the levels of impact they support. We present a case study of one collaborative
partnership model, the Scientific Planning Support (SPS) team. Staff from the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, the Austrian Institute of Technology, and Nanyang
Technological University formed the SPS team to provide design assistance and process
support during the design phase of a low-energy building project. Specifically, the SPS
team worked on the Clean Tech Two project, a tenanted laboratory and office building
that seeks Green Mark Platinum, the highest green building certification in Singapore.
The SPS team hosted design charrettes, helped to develop design alternatives, and
provided suggestions on the design process in support of this aggressive energy target.
This paper describes these efforts and discusses how teams like the SPS team and other\ partnership schemes can be leveraged to achieve high performance, low-energy buildingsat an international scale.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.scs.2014.05.007}, author = {Kristen Parrish and Reshma Singh and Szu-Cheng Chien} } @article {2581, title = {Reduction of numerical viscosity in FFD model}, journal = {Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics}, volume = {6}, year = {2012}, pages = {234-247}, author = {Wangda Zuo and Mingang Jin and Qingyan Chen} } @conference {2671, title = {A Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings}, booktitle = {ACEEE 2012 Summer Study}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, address = {Asilomar, CA}, abstract = {

Existing buildings will dominate energy use in commercial buildings in the United States for three decades or longer and even in China for the about two decades. Retrofitting these buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use is thus critical to achieving the target of reducing energy use in the buildings sector. However there are few evaluation tools that can quickly identify and evaluate energy savings and cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for retrofits, especially for buildings in China. This paper discusses methods used to develop such a tool and demonstrates an application of the tool for a retrofit analysis. The tool builds on a building performance database with pre-calculated energy consumption of ECMs for selected commercial prototype buildings using the EnergyPlus program. The tool allows users to evaluate individual ECMs or a package of ECMs. It covers building envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC, plug loads, service hot water, and renewable energy. The prototype building can be customized to represent an actual building with some limitations. Energy consumption from utility bills can be entered into the tool to compare and calibrate the energy use of the prototype building. The tool currently can evaluate energy savings and payback of ECMs for shopping malls in China. We have used the tool to assess energy and cost savings for retrofit of the prototype shopping mall in Shanghai. Future work on the tool will simplify its use and expand it to cover other commercial building types and other countries.\ 

}, keywords = {building simulation, buildings, China, commercial building, energy efficiency measures, retrofit tool, simulation research group}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000098.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Mark D. Levine and Wei Feng and Jing Ke and Tianzhen Hong and Nan Zhou} } @proceedings {2787, title = {Real-time Building Energy Simulation using EnergyPlus and the Building Controls Virtual Test Bed}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, pages = {p. 2890-2896}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, abstract = {

Most commercial buildings do not perform as well in practice as intended by the design and their performances often deteriorate over time. Reasons include faulty construction, malfunctioning equipment, incorrectly configured control systems and inappropriate operating procedures (Haves et al., 2001, Lee et al., 2007). To address this problem, the paper presents a simulation-based whole building performance monitoring tool that allows a comparison of building actual performance and expected performance in real time. The tool continuously acquires relevant building model input variables from existing Energy Management and Control System (EMCS). It then reports expected energy consumption as simulated of EnergyPlus. The Building Control Virtual Test Bed (BCVTB) is used as the software platform to provide data linkage between the EMCS, an EnergyPlus model, and a database. This paper describes the integrated real-time simulation environment. A proof-of-concept demonstration is also presented in the paper.

}, author = {Xiufeng Pang and Prajesh Bhattacharya and Zheng O{\textquoteright}Neill and Philip Haves and Michael Wetter and Trevor Bailey} } @proceedings {2782, title = {Recent developments of the Modelica Buildings library for building energy and control systems}, year = {2011}, address = {Dresden, Germany}, abstract = {

At the Modelica 2009 conference, we introduced the Buildings library, a freely available Modelica library for building energy and control systems [16]. This paper reports the updates of the library and presents example applications for a range of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Over the past two years, the library has been further developed. The number of HVAC components models has been doubled and various components have been revised to increase numerical robustness. The paper starts with an overview of the library architecture and a description of the main packages. To demonstrate the features of the Buildings library, applications that include multizone airow simulation as well as supervisory and local loop control of a variable air volume (VAV) system are briey described. The paper closes with a discussion of the current development.

}, keywords = {building energy systems, heating}, url = {https://www.modelica.org/events/modelica2011/Proceedings/pages/papers/12_1_ID_113_a_fv.pdf}, author = {Michael Wetter and Wangda Zuo and Thierry Stephane Nouidui} } @article {213, title = {Real time or faster-than-real-time simulation of airflow in buildings}, journal = {Indoor Air}, volume = {19}, year = {2009}, pages = {33-44}, author = {Wangda Zuo and Qingyan Chen} } @conference {415, title = {Reducing Energy Use In Florida Buildings}, booktitle = {16th Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, December 15-17, 2008}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, address = {Dallas, TX}, abstract = {

The 2007 Florida Building Code (ICC, 2008) requires building designers and architects to achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating for commercial buildings located throughout Florida. Although the Florida Building Code is strict in the minimum requirements for new construction, several aspects of building construction can be further improved through careful thought and design. This report outlines several energy saving features that can be used to ensure that new buildings meet a new target goal of 85\% energy use compared to the 2007 energy code in order to achieve Governor Crist{\textquoteright}s executive order to improve the energy code by 15\%.

To determine if a target goal of 85\% building energy use is attainable, a computer simulation study was performed to determine the energy saving features available which are, in most cases, stricter than the current Florida Building Code. The energy savings features include improvements to building envelop, fenestration, lighting and equipment, and HVAC efficiency. The imp acts of reducing outside air requirements and employing solar water heating were also investigated. Th e purpose of the energy saving features described in this document is intended to provide a simple, prescriptive method for reducing energy consumption using the methodology outlined in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE, 2007).

There are two difficulties in trying to achieve savings in non-residential structures. First, there is significant energy use caused by internal loads for people and equipment and it is difficult to use the energy code to achieve savings in this area relative to a baseline. Secondly, the ASHRAE methodology uses some of the same features that are proposed for the new building, so it may be difficult to claim savings for some strategies that will produce savings such as improved ventilation controls, reduced window area, or reduced plug loads simply because the methodology applies those features to the comparison reference building.

Several measures to improve the building envelope characteristics were simulated. Simply using the selected envelope measures resulted in savings of less than 10\% for all building types. However, if such measures are combined with aggressive lighting reductions and improved efficiency HVAC equipment and controls, a target savings of 15\% is easily attainable.

}, author = {Richard Raustad and Mangesh Basarkar and Robin K. Vieira} } @proceedings {221, title = {Real time airflow simulation in buildings}, year = {2007}, pages = {459-466}, address = {Sendai, Japan}, author = {Wangda Zuo and Qingyan Chen} } @proceedings {2801, title = {Radiant Slab Cooling: A Case Study of Building Energy Performance}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Zhen Tian and James A. Love} } @conference {2642, title = {Reducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effectiveness Ratios}, booktitle = {Building Simulation 2005 IBPSA International Conference}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and Brian {\'O} Gallach{\'o}ir} } @proceedings {2833, title = {Resources for Teaching Building Energy Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Richard K. Strand and Richard J. Liesen and Michael J. Witte} } @article {2586, title = {Research of ANN Internal Model Self-tuning Control Applied in Combustion Process Control of Heating Furnace in Oil Field}, journal = {Journal of Central South University, Technology}, volume = {34}, year = {2003}, pages = {108-112}, author = {Yongcheng Jiang and Xiufeng Pang and Fu,Shaobo} } @article {347, title = {A Robust Self-Tuning Controller for HVAC Applications}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, year = {1989}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {357, title = {Results of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences}, year = {1983}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, author = {Gene Clark and Fred M. Loxsom and Philip Haves and Earl S. Doderer} } @article {370, title = {The Radio Structure of a Sample of 101 Quasars from the Parkes {\textpm}4{\textordmasculine} Survey}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, volume = {176}, year = {1976}, month = {08/1976}, pages = {275-306}, chapter = {275}, keywords = {Angular Distribution, Astronomical Catalogs, Quasars, Radio Emission, Radio Sources (Astronomy), Radio Spectra, Spectrum Analysis, Ultrahigh Frequencies}, author = {Michael Bentley and Philip Haves and Ralph E. Spencer and David Stannard} } @article {376, title = {The Radio Polarization of Quasars}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, volume = {168}, year = {1974}, month = {07/1974}, pages = {137-162}, chapter = {137}, abstract = {

Observations over a wide range of wavelengths, 2.2 <= λ <= 73 cm, have been combined to define the wavelength variation of the degree of linear polarization m(λ) for 120 quasars with known redshift. For the majority, m(λ) decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength but for 35 sources the polarization curve is inverted at short wavelengths. A classification is given, based on both the polarization curve and the radio spectrum, and the results are interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of opaque components in the source. The depolarization which occurs at long wavelengths is accounted for by a combination of spectral effects and Faraday depolarization. For 46 steep-spectrum sources the depolarization curve appears to be dominated by the Faraday effect, and has been used to deduce the electron density within the radiating components. In this group of sources the correlation between depolarization and redshift noted by Kronberg et al. is confirmed and strengthened. A discussion is given of some theoretical models of radio sources in the light of the depolarization data.

}, author = {Robin G. Conway and Philip Haves and Philipp P. Kronberg and David Stannard and Jacques P. Vall{\'e}e and John F. C. Wardle} }