@proceedings {60,
	title = {An implementation of co-simulation for performance prediction of innovative integrated HVAC systems in buildings},
	journal = {Proc. of the 11th IBPSA Conference},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	pages = {724-731},
	address = {Glasgow, Scotland},
	abstract = {Integrated performance simulation of buildings and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)systems can help reducing energy consumption and increasing level of occupant comfort. However, no singe building performance simulation (BPS) tool offers sufficient capabilities and flexibilities to accommodate the ever-increasing complexity and rapid innovations in building and system technologies. One way to alleviate this problem is to use co-simulation. The co-simulation approach  represents a particular case of simulation scenario where at least two simulators solve coupled differential-algebraic systems of equations and exchange data that couples these equations during the time integration. This paper elaborates on issues important for co-simulation realization and discusses multiple possibilities to justify the particular approach implemented in a co-simulation prototype.  The prototype is verified and validated against the results obtained from the traditional simulation approach. It is further used in a case study for the proof-of-concept, to demonstrate the applicability of the method and to highlight its benefits. Stability and accuracy of different coupling strategies are analyzed to give a guideline for the required coupling frequency. The paper concludes by defining requirements and recommendations for generic co-simulation implementations.},
	url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2009/BS09_0724_731.pdf},
	author = {Marija Trcka and Michael Wetter and Jan Hensen}
}
