@article {31987, title = {Assessing the Potential to Reduce U.S. Building CO2 Emissions 80\% by 2050}, journal = {Joule}, year = {2019}, month = {08/2019}, abstract = {

Buildings are responsible for 36\% of CO2 emissions in the United States and will thus be integral to climate change mitigation; yet, no studies have comprehensively assessed the potential long-term CO2 emissions reductions from the U.S. buildings sector against national goals in a way that can be regularly updated in the future. We use Scout, a reproducible and granular model of U.S. building energy use, to investigate the potential for the U.S. buildings sector to reduce CO2 emissions 80\% by 2050, consistent with the U.S. Mid-Century Strategy. We find that a combination of aggressive efficiency measures, electrification, and high renewable energy penetration can reduce CO2 emissions by 72\%{\textendash}78\% relative to 2005 levels, just short of the target. Results are sufficiently disaggregated by technology and end use to inform targeted building energy policy approaches and establish a foundation for continual reassessment of technology development pathways that drive significant long-term emissions reductions.

}, keywords = {Building energy efficiency, decarbonization, electrification, emissions, energy models, energy policy analysis, national climate goals, pathways building stock}, doi = {10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.013}, author = {Jared Langevin and Chioke B. Harris and Janet L. Reyna} } @article {32157, title = {Assessment of occupant-behavior-based indoor air quality and its impacts on human exposure risk: A case study based on the wildfires in Northern California}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {686}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-10-2019}, pages = {1251 - 1261}, abstract = {

The recent wildfires in California, U.S., have caused not only significant losses to human life and property, but also serious environmental and health issues. Ambient air pollution from combustion during the fires could increase indoor exposure risks to toxic gases and particles, further exacerbating respiratory conditions. This work aims at addressing existing knowledge gaps in understanding how indoor air quality is affected by outdoor air pollutants during wildfires{\textemdash}by taking into account occupant behaviors (e.g., movement, operation of windows and air-conditioning) which strongly influence building performance and occupant comfort. A novel modeling framework was developed to simulate the indoor exposure risks considering the impact of occupant behaviours by integrating building energy and occupant behaviour modeling with computational fluid dynamics simulation. Occupant behaviors were found to exert significant impacts on indoor air flow patterns and pollutant concentrations, based on which, certain behaviors are recommended during wildfires. Further, the actual respiratory injury level under such outdoor conditions was predicted. The modeling framework and the findings enable a deeper understanding of the actual health impacts of wildfires, as well as informing strategies for mitigating occupant health risk during wildfires

}, keywords = {computational fluid dynamics siumlation, human exposure risk, indoor air quality, NAPA wildfire, occupant behavior, respiratory injury}, issn = {00489697}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.467}, author = {Luo, Na and Weng, Wenguo and Xu, Xiaoyu and Tianzhen Hong and Fu, Ming and Sun, Kaiyu} } @article {29894, title = {An Agent-Based Stochastic Occupancy Simulator}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Occupancy has significant impacts on building performance. However, in current building performance simulation programs, occupancy inputs are static and lack diversity, contributing to discrepancies between the simulated and actual building performance. This paper presents an Occupancy Simulator that simulates the stochastic behavior of occupant presence and movement in buildings, capturing the spatial and temporal occupancy diversity. Each occupant and each space in the building are explicitly simulated as an agent with their profiles of stochastic behaviors. The occupancy behaviors are represented with three types of models: (1) the status transition events (e.g., first arrival in office) simulated with Reinhart{\textquoteright}s LIGHTSWITCH-2002 model, (2) the random moving events (e.g., from one office to another) simulated with Wang{\textquoteright}s homogeneous Markov chain model, and (3) the meeting events simulated with a new stochastic model. A hierarchical data model was developed for the Occupancy Simulator, which reduces the amount of data input by using the concepts of occupant types and space types. Finally, a case study of a small office building is presented to demonstrate the use of the Simulator to generate detailed annual sub-hourly occupant schedules for individual spaces and the whole building. The Simulator is a web application freely available to the public and capable of performing a detailed stochastic simulation of occupant presence and movement in buildings. Future work includes enhancements in the meeting event model, consideration of personal absent days, verification and validation of the simulated occupancy results, and expansion for use with residential buildings.

}, author = {Yixing Chen and Tianzhen Hong and Xuan Luo} } @article {30314, title = {Analysis of heating load diversity in German residential districts and implications for the application in district heating systems}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {139}, year = {2017}, month = {01/2017}, pages = {302-313}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

In recent years, the application of district heating systems for the heat supply of residential districts has been increasing in Germany. Central supply systems can be very efficient due to diverse energy demand profiles which may lead to reduced installed equipment capacity. Load diversity in buildings has been investigated in former studies, especially for the electricity demand. However, little is known about the influence of single building characteristics (such as building envelope or hot water demand) on the overall heating peak load of a residential district. For measuring the diversity, the peak load ratio (PLR) index is used to represent the percentage reduction of peak load of a district system from a simple sum of individual peak loads of buildings. A total of 144 residential building load profiles have been created with the dynamic building simulation software IDA ICE for a theoretical analysis in which the PLR reaches 15\%. Within this study, certain district features are identified which lead to higher diversity. Furthermore, these results are used in a district heating simulation model which confronts the possible advantage of reduced installed capacity with the practical disadvantage of heat distribution losses.\  Likewise, the influence of load density and the district{\textasciiacute}s building structure can be analyzed. This study shows that especially in districts with high load density, which consist of newly constructed buildings with low supply temperature and high influence of the hot water demand, the advantages of load diversity can be exploited.

}, keywords = {district heating, domestic hot water, dynamic building simulation, heat supply, Load diversity, peak load, residential district, space heating}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.096}, author = {Claudia Weissmann and Tianzhen Hong and Carl-Alexander Graubner} } @article {30026, title = {Automatic Generation and Simulation of Urban Building Energy Models Based on City Datasets for City-Scale Building Retrofit Analysis}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Buildings in cities consume 30\% to 70\% of total primary energy, and improving building energy efficiency is one of the key strategies towards sustainable urbanization. Urban building energy models (UBEM) can support city managers to evaluate and prioritize energy conservation measures (ECMs) for investment and the design of incentive and rebate programs. This paper presents the retrofit analysis feature of City Building Energy Saver (CityBES) to automatically generate and simulate UBEM using EnergyPlus based on cities{\textquoteright} building datasets and user-selected ECMs. CityBES is a new open web-based tool to support city-scale building energy efficiency strategic plans and programs. The technical details of using CityBES for UBEM generation and simulation are introduced, including the workflow, key assumptions, and major databases. Also presented is a case study that analyzes the potential retrofit energy use and energy cost savings of five individual ECMs and two measure packages for 940 office and retail buildings in six city districts in northeast San Francisco, United States. The results show that: (1) all five measures together can save 23\%-38\% of site energy per building; (2) replacing lighting with light-emitting diode lamps and adding air economizers to existing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are most cost-effective with an average payback of 2.0 and 4.3 years, respectively; and (3) it is not economical to upgrade HVAC systems or replace windows in San Franciso due to the city{\textquoteright}s mild climate and minimal cooling and heating loads. The CityBES retrofit analysis feature does not require users to have deep knowledge of building systems or technologies for the generation and simulation of building energy models, which helps overcome major technical barriers for city managers and their consultants to adopt UBEM.

}, keywords = {Building Energy Modeling, CityBES, Energy conservation measures, energyplus, Retrofit Analysis, Urban Scale}, author = {Yixing Chen and Tianzhen Hong and Mary Ann Piette} } @article {60962, title = {Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {116}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, pages = {694-702}, abstract = {

Occupant behavior is one of the major factors influencing building energy consumption and contributing to uncertainty in building energy use prediction and simulation. Currently the understanding of occupant behavior is insufficient both in building design, operation and retrofit, leading to incorrect simplifications in modeling and analysis. This paper introduced the most recent advances and current obstacles in modeling occupant behavior and quantifying its impact on building energy use. The major themes include advancements in data collection techniques, analytical and modeling methods, and simulation applications which provide insights into behavior energy savings potential and impact. There has been growing research and applications in this field, but significant challenges and opportunities still lie ahead.

}, keywords = {Behavior Modeling, Building design and operation, building performance simulation, energy use, occupant behavior}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.052}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Da Yan and Stefano P. Corgnati} } @conference {60968, title = {An Agent-Based Occupancy Simulator for Building Performance Simulation}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

Traditionally, in building energy modeling (BEM) programs, occupancy inputs are deterministic and less indicative of real world scenarios, contributing to discrepancies between simulated and actual energy use in buildings. This paper presents an agent-based occupancy simulator, which models each occupant as an agent with specified movement events and statistics of space uses. To reduce the amount of data inputs, the simulator allows users to group occupants with similar behaviors as an occupant type, and spaces with similar function as a space type. It is a web-based application with friendly graphical user interface, cloud computing, and data storage. A case study is presented to demonstrate the usage of the occupancy simulator and its integration with EnergyPlus and obFMU. It first shows the required data inputs and the results from the occupancy simulator. Then, the generated occupant schedules are used in the EnergyPlus and obFMU simulation to evaluate the impacts of occupant behavior on building energy performance. The simulation results indicate that the occupancy simulator can capture the diversity of space{\textquoteright}s occupancy behavior rather than the static weekly profiles, and can generate realistic occupancy schedules to support building performance simulation.

}, author = {Yixing Chen and Xuan Luo and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {60965, title = {Accelerating the energy retrofit of commercial buildings using a database of energy efficiency performance}, journal = {Energy}, year = {2015}, month = {07/2015}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Small and medium-sized commercial buildings can be retrofitted to significantly reduce their energy use, however it is a huge challenge as owners usually lack of the expertise and resources to conduct detailed on-site energy audit to identify and evaluate cost-effective energy technologies. This study presents a DEEP (database of energy efficiency performance) that provides a direct resource for quick retrofit analysis of commercial buildings. DEEP, compiled from the results of about ten million EnergyPlus simulations, enables an easy screening of ECMs (energy conservation measures) and retrofit analysis. The simulations utilize prototype models representative of small and mid-size offices and retails in California climates. In the formulation of DEEP, large scale EnergyPlus simulations were conducted on high performance computing clusters to evaluate hundreds of individual and packaged ECMs covering envelope, lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, plug-loads, and service hot water. The architecture and simulation environment to create DEEP is flexible and can expand to cover additional building types, additional climates, and new ECMs. In this study DEEP is integrated into a web-based retrofit toolkit, the Commercial Building Energy Saver, which provides a platform for energy retrofit decision making by querying DEEP and unearthing recommended ECMs, their estimated energy savings and financial payback.

}, keywords = {building simulation, Energy conservation measure, energy modeling, energyplus, High Performance computing, retrofit}, doi = {10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.107}, author = {Sang Hoon Lee and Tianzhen Hong and Mary Ann Piette and Geof Sawaya and Yixing Chen and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange} } @article {60092, title = {Assessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Public Buildings in China with Advanced Window and Shading Systems}, journal = {Buildings}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {668-699}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higher standard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codes and standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements for fenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to (a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enable characterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction and energy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent views on how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.

System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliant large office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available, highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66\% lower perimeter zone HVAC electricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in cold climates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80\% reductions in perimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38\% reductions in Shanghai compared to the standard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the building industry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the proper supporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significant reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.

}, keywords = {building, China, energy efficiency, shading, windows}, doi = {10.3390/buildings5020668}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Xiufeng Pang and Andrew McNeil and Sabine Hoffmann and Anothai Thanachareonkit and Zhengrong Li and Yong Ding} } @conference {57409, title = {Application of a stochastic window use model in EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2012, 5th National Conference of IBPSA-USA, August 1-3, 2012}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Natural ventilation, used appropriately, has the potential to provide both significant HVAC energy savings, and improvements in occupant satisfaction.

Central to the development of natural ventilation models is the need to accurately represent the behavior of building occupants. The work covered in this paper describes a method of implementing a stochastic window model in EnergyPlus. Simulated window use data from three stochastic window opening models was then compared to measured window opening behavior, collected in a naturally-ventilated office in California. Recommendations regarding the selection of stochastic window use models, and their implementation in EnergyPlus, are presented.

}, url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gm7r783}, author = {Spencer M. Dutton and Hui Zhang and Yongchao Zhai and Edward A. Arens and Youness Bennani Smires and Samuel L. Brunswick and Kyle S. Konis and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {2783, title = {Advanced simulations of building energy and control systems with an example of chilled water plant modeling}, year = {2011}, address = {Nanjing, China}, author = {Wangda Zuo and Michael Wetter} } @conference {2631, title = {An Assessment of the use of Building Energy Performance Simulation in Early Design}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, author = {Vladimir Bazjanac and Tobias Maile and Cody Rose and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Natasa Mrazovic and Elmer Morrissey and Welle, Benjamin} } @conference {418, title = {Assessment of Energy Impact of Window Technologies for Commercial Buildings}, booktitle = {2010 ACEEE Summer Study}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, keywords = {building energy performance, energyplus, shading controls, simulation, windows}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {1843, title = {Assessment of Energy Savings Potential from the Use of Demand Control Ventilation Systems in General Office Spaces in California}, journal = {Building Simulation}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, pages = {117-124}, publisher = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, type = {Research Article}, address = {Berkeley}, abstract = {

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) was evaluated for general office spaces in California. A medium size office building meeting the prescriptive requirements of the 2008 California building energy efficiency standards (CEC 2008) was assumed in the building energy simulations performed with the EnergyPlus program to calculate the DCV energy savings potential in five typical California climates. Three design occupancy densities and two minimum ventilation rates were used as model inputs to cover a broader range of design variations. The assumed values of minimum ventilation rates in offices without DCV, based on two different measurement methods, were 81 and 28 cfm per occupant. These rates are based on the co-author{\textquoteright}s unpublished analyses of data from EPA{\textquoteright}s survey of 100 U.S. office buildings. These minimum ventilation rates exceed the 15 to 20 cfm per person required in most ventilation standards for offices. The cost effectiveness of applying DCV in general office spaces was estimated via a life cycle cost analyses that considered system costs and energy cost reductions.

The results of the energy modeling indicate that the energy savings potential of DCV is largest in the desert area of California (climate zone 14), followed by Mountains (climate zone 16), Central Valley (climate zone 12), North Coast (climate zone 3), and South Coast (climate zone 6).

The results of the life cycle cost analysis show DCV is cost effective for office spaces if the typical minimum ventilation rates without DCV is 81 cfm per person, except at the low design occupancy of 10 people per 1000 ft2 in climate zones 3 and 6. At the low design occupancy of 10 people per 1000 ft2, the greatest DCV life cycle cost savings is a net present value (NPV) of $0.52/ft2 in climate zone 14, followed by $0.32/ft2 in climate zone 16 and $0.19/ft2 in climate zone 12. At the medium design occupancy of 15 people per 1000 ft2, the DCV savings are higher with a NPV $0.93/ft2 in climate zone 14, followed by $0.55/ft2 in climate zone 16, $0.46/ft2 in climate zone 12, $0.30/ft2 in climate zone 3, $0.16/ft2 in climate zone 3. At the high design occupancy of 20 people per 1000 ft2, the DCV savings are even higher with a NPV $1.37/ft2 in climate zone 14, followed by $0.86/ft2 in climate zone 16, $0.84/ft2 in climate zone 3, $0.82/ft2 in climate zone 12, and $0.65/ft2 in climate zone 6.

DCV was not found to be cost effective if the typical minimum ventilation rate without DCV is 28 cfm per occupant, except at high design occupancy of 20 people per 1000 ft2 in climate zones 14 and 16.

Until the large uncertainties about the base case ventilation rates in offices without DCV are reduced, the case for requiring DCV in general office spaces will be a weak case.

}, keywords = {building simulation, california building energy standard, Commercial Building Ventilation and Indoor Environmental Quality Group, demand controlled ventilation, energy savings, indoor environment department, other}, doi = {10.1007/s12273-010-0001-8}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and William J. Fisk} } @proceedings {393, title = {Automated Continuous Commissioning of Commercial Buildings}, year = {2010}, month = {11/2010}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, author = {Trevor Bailey and Zheng O{\textquoteright}Neill and Madhusudana Shashanka and Prajesh Bhattacharya and Philip Haves and Xiufeng Pang} } @article {214, title = {Anisotropy invariant Reynolds stress model of turbulence (AIRSM) and its application on attached and separated wall-bounded flows}, journal = {Flow, Turbulence and Combustion}, volume = {83}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, pages = {81-103}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Numerical predictions with a differential Reynolds stress closure, which in its original formulation explicitly takes into account possible states of turbulence on the anisotropy-invariant map, are presented. Thus the influence of anisotropy of turbulence on the modeled terms in the governing equations for the Reynolds stresses is accounted for directly. The anisotropy invariant Reynolds stress model (AIRSM) is implemented and validated in different finite-volume codes. The standard wall-function approach is employed as initial step in order to predict simple and complex wall-bounded flows undergoing large separation. Despite the use of simple wall functions, the model performed satisfactory in predicting these flows. The predictions of the AIRSM were also compared with existing Reynolds stress models and it was found that the present model results in improved convergence compared with other models. Numerical issues involved in the implementation and application of the model are also addressed.

}, keywords = {Anisotrpoy, Invariant map, Reynolds stress model, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, Separated wall-bounded flow, Turbulence, Turbulence modeling}, issn = {1573-1987}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-008-9190-y}, author = {V. Kumar and Bettina Frohnapfel and Jovan Jovanovi{\'c} and Michael Breuer and Wangda Zuo and Ibrahim Hadzi{\'c} and Richard Lechner} } @conference {233, title = {Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climate zones}, booktitle = {6th International Conference on Cold Climate, Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning}, year = {2009}, address = {Sisimiut, Groenland}, abstract = {

The application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climatic zones is demonstrated in this paper. The basics of the programs are presented together with a typical application for a problem specific for the chosen climatic zone. A 1-D calculation has been performed for tropical climate zone with the improvement of a flat roof in Bangkok as an example. For half timbered buildings, which are common in the temperate zone with the 2-D model an infill insulation and its benefits are demonstrated. Finally the combined appliance of the whole building model and the mould risk prognosis model is shown in detail as a special case for the cold climate zone: In heated buildings of cold climate zones the internal climate with its low relative humidity in wintertime often causes discomfort and health problems for the occupants. In case of using air humidifier the risk of mould growth increases. Instead of an uncontrolled humidifying of the dry air an innovativecontrol system using a thermal bridge, which switches the humidifier off when condensation occurs is presented. To quantify the improvement in the comfort while preventing the risk of mould growth for a typical building comparative calculations of the resulting inner climates and its consequences on comfort have been performed.

}, author = {Martin Krus and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Klaus Sedlbauer} } @article {3446, title = {Assessment of Energy Impact of Window Technologies for Commercial Buildings}, year = {2009}, month = {10/2009}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Mehry Yazdanian} } @proceedings {247, title = {Application of Machine Learning in Fault Diagnostics of Mechanical Systems}, year = {2008}, month = {10/2008}, author = {Massieh Najafi and David M. Auslander and Peter L. Bartlett and Philip Haves} } @conference {2657, title = {Advanced Zone Simulation in EnergyPlus: Incorporation of Variable Properties and Phase Change Material (PCM) Capability}, booktitle = {Proc. Building Simulation 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Curtis O. Pedersen} } @conference {2659, title = {Airflow Network Modeling in EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {Proc. Building Simulation 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Lixing Gu} } @proceedings {229, title = {Advanced modeling and simulation techniques in MOSILAB: A system development case study}, year = {2006}, pages = {pp.63-72}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schwarz and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Alexander Mattes and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schneider and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt} } @proceedings {2811, title = {An Analysis of Building Envelope Upgrades for Residential Energy Efficiency in Hot and Humid Climates}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Mini Malhotra and Jeff S. Haberl} } @proceedings {2800, title = {Analysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associated Case Study}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Ian Doebber and Maurya McClintock} } @proceedings {2813, title = {The Application of Building Energy Simulation and Calibration in Two High-Rise Commercial Buildings in Shanghai}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Yiqun Pan and Zhizhong Huang and Gang Wu and Chen Chen} } @proceedings {2794, title = {Assessment of the Technical Potential for Achieving Zero-Energy Commercial Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, author = {Brent T. Griffith and Paul A. Torcellini and John Ryan} } @proceedings {2795, title = {Automated Multivariate Optimization Tool for Energy Analysis}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Peter G. Ellis and Brent T. Griffith and Nicholas Long and Paul A. Torcellini} } @article {259, title = {ANN Modeling and Self-tuning Control of the Oil Field Heating Furnace}, journal = {Computer Measurement and Control (Chinese)}, volume = {12}, year = {2004}, pages = {338-240}, author = {Yongcheng Jiang and Xiufeng Pang} } @article {2908, title = {An automated functional test and fault detection method}, year = {2003}, author = {Peng Xu and Moosung Kim and Philip Haves} } @article {302, title = {On Approaches to Couple Energy Simulation and Computational Fluid Dynamics Programs}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {37}, year = {2002}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Energy simulation (ES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can play important roles in building design by providing complementary information about the buildings{\textquoteright} environmental performance. However, separate applications of ES and CFD are usually unable to give an accurate prediction of building performance due to the assumptions involved in the separate calculations. Integration of ES and CFD eliminates many of these assumptions since the information provided by the models is complementary. Several different approaches to integrating ES and CFD are described. In order to bridge the discontinuities of time-scale, spatial resolution and computing speed between ES and CFD programs, a staged coupling strategy for different problems is proposed. The paper illustrates a typical dynamic coupling process by means of an example implemented using the EnergyPlus and MIT-CFD programs.

}, author = {Zhiqiang Zhai and Qingyan Chen and Philip Haves and Joseph H. Klems} } @article {308, title = {Analysis of an Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System to Improve Building Operations}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, month = {10/2001}, pages = {783-792}, chapter = {783}, abstract = {

This paper discusses a demonstration of a technology to address the problem that buildings do not perform as well as anticipated during design. We partnered with an innovative building operator to evaluate a prototype information monitoring and diagnostic system (IMDS). The IMDS consists of a set of high-quality sensors, data acquisition software and hardware, and data visualization software including a web-based remote access system, that can be used to identify control problems and equipment faults. The information system allowed the operators to make more effective use of the building control system and freeing up time to take care of other tenant needs. They report observing significant improvements in building comfort, potentially improving tenant health and productivity. The reduction in the labor costs to operate the building is about US$ 20,000 per year, which alone could pay for the information system in about 5 years. A control system retrofit based on findings from the information system is expected to reduce energy use by 20\% over the next year, worth over US$ 30,000 per year in energy cost savings. The operators are recommending that similar technology be adopted in other buildings.

}, keywords = {building control system, building operation, imds}, doi = {10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00068-8}, author = {Mary Ann Piette and Satkartar T. Khalsa and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {318, title = {The application of Problem Reduction Techniques Based on Graph Theory to the Simulation of Non-Linear Continuous Systems}, year = {1998}, pages = {pp. 203-207}, address = {Manchester, UK}, author = {Philip Haves and Edward F. Sowell} } @proceedings {336, title = {Automatic Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems}, year = {1993}, month = {11/1993}, address = {London, England}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves and Jorgensen, D.R.} } @proceedings {350, title = {The Application of Simulation to the Evaluation of Building Energy Control Systems}, year = {1987}, address = {Bangor, UK}, author = {Philip Haves} } @proceedings {360, title = {Accuracy of a Simple Method of Estimating the Minimum Temperature of a Sealed Roof Pond}, volume = {5}, year = {1982}, month = {07/1982}, pages = {709-714}, address = {Houston, TX}, abstract = {

Detailed heat flux and temperature measurements have been made in two residential scale roof pond buildings in San Antonio, Texas from July to November 1981. The minimum temprature of the 4 in deep roof pond sealed in PVC bags was approximately equal to the minimum ambient dry bulb temperature. The sensitivity of this equality to changes in meteorological conditions, maximum pond temperature and thermal load is evaluated using the measurements. Verified simulations are then used to evaluate the sensitivity of this equality to changes in the thermal load, and to changes in the depth, surface emittance and surface thermal resistance of the sealed pond in various climates. For the range of roof pond design options of interest in passive cooling of buildings, the minimum pond temperature was found to be within 2 F of the minimum ambient temperature in all climates considered. The equality of these minimum temperatures is advocated as a useful rule of thumb for feasibility assessment and as part of a simplified design methodology. The simulated minimum pond temperature was found to be surprisingly insensitive to a 50\% decrease in the fraction of pond area exposed to the sky.

}, author = {Brady Schutt and Gene Clark and Philip Haves and Merino, M.} }