@article {30727, title = {Bidirectional low temperature district energy systems with agent-based control: Performance comparison and operation optimization}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {209}, year = {2018}, doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.072}, author = {Felix Bunning and Michael Wetter and Marcus Fuchs and Dirk Muller} } @article {31308, title = {Impact of post-rainfall evaporation from porous roof tiles on building cooling load in subtropical China}, journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering}, volume = {142}, year = {2018}, month = {09/2018}, pages = {391 - 400}, abstract = {

Rainfall occurs frequently in subtropical regions of China, with the subsequent water evaporation from building roofs impacting the thermal performance and the energy consumption of buildings. We proposed a novel simulation method using actual meteorological data to evaluate this impact. New features were developed in EnergyPlus to enable the simulation: (1) an evaporation latent heat flux source term was added to the heat balance equation of the external surface and (2) algorithms for the evaporative cooling module (ECM) were developed and implemented into EnergyPlus. The ECM experimental results showed good agreement with the simulated results. The ECM was used to assess the impact of evaporation from porous roof tiles on the cooling load of a one-floor building in subtropical China. The results show that the evaporation process decreased the maximal values of the external and internal roof surface temperatures by up to 6.4 {\textdegree}C and 3.2 {\textdegree}C, respectively, while the lower internal surface temperature decreased the room accumulated cooling load by up to 14.8\% during the hot summer period. The enhanced EnergyPlus capability can be used to evaluate the evaporative cooling performance of roofs with water-storage mediums, as well as to quantify their impact on building cooling loads.

}, keywords = {Building energy simulation, cooling load, energyplus, Evaporative Cooling, Rainfall event, Subtropical China}, issn = {13594311}, doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.033}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359431117356107https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359431117356107?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1359431117356107?httpAccept=text/plain}, author = {Lei Zhang and Rongpeng Zhang and Tianzhen Hong and Yu Zhang and Qinglin Meng} } @article {30728, title = {Dynamic equation-based thermo-hydraulic pipe model for district heating and cooling systems}, journal = {Energy Conversion and Management}, volume = {151}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Simulation and optimisation of district heating and cooling networks requires efficient and realistic models of the individual network elements in order to correctly represent heat losses or gains, temperature propagation and pressure drops. Due to more recent thermal networks incorporating meshing decentralised heat and cold sources, the system often has to deal with variable temperatures and mass flow rates, with flow reversal occurring more frequently. This paper presents the mathematical derivation and software implementation in Modelica of a thermo-hydraulic model for thermal networks that meets the above requirements and compares it to both experimental data and a commonly used model. Good correspondence between experimental data from a controlled test set-up and simulations using the presented model was found. Compared to measurement data from a real district heating network, the simulation results led to a larger error than in the controlled test set-up, but the general trend is still approximated closely and the model yields results similar to a pipe model from the Modelica Standard Library. However, the presented model simulates 1.7 (for low number of volumes) to 68 (for highly discretized pipes) times faster than a conventional model for a realistic test case. A working implementation of the presented model is made openly available within the IBPSA Modelica Library. The model is robust in the sense that grid size and time step do not need to be adapted to the flow rate, as is the case in finite volume models.

}, doi = {10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.072}, author = {Brahm van der Heijde and Marcus Fuchs and Carles Ribas Tugores and Gerald Schweiger and Kevin Sartor and Daniele Basciotti and Dirk Muller and Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Michael Wetter and Lieve Helsen} } @article {62077, title = {Energy saving potential of a two-pipe system for simultaneous heating and cooling of office buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {134}, year = {2017}, month = {01/2017}, pages = {234 - 247}, abstract = {

This paper analyzes the performance of a novel two-pipe system that operates one water loop to simultaneously provide space heating and cooling with a water supply temperature of around 22 {\textdegree}C. To analyze the energy performance of the system, a simulation-based research was conducted. The two-pipe system was modelled using the equation-based Modelica modeling language in Dymola. A typical office building model was considered as the case study. Simulations were run for two construction sets of the building envelope and two conditions related to inter-zone air flows. To calculate energy savings, a conventional four-pipe system was modelled and used for comparison. The conventional system presented two separated water loops for heating and cooling with supply temperatures of 45 {\textdegree}C and 14 {\textdegree}C, respectively. Simulation results showed that the two-pipe system was able to use less energy than the four-pipe system thanks to three effects: useful heat transfer from warm to cold zones, higher free cooling potential and higher efficiency of the heat pump. In particular, the two-pipe system used approximately between 12\% and 18\% less total annual primary energy than the four-pipe system, depending on the simulation case considered.

}, keywords = {active beams, energy saving, HVAC systems, low-exergy, modelica, simulation}, issn = {03787788}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.051}, author = {Alessandro Maccarini and Michael Wetter and Alireza Afshari and Goran Hultmark and Niels Bergsoe and Anders Vorre} } @article {30482, title = {IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Building}, volume = {156}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

More than 30\% of the total primary energy in the world is consumed in buildings. It is crucial to reduce building energy consumption in order to preserve energy resources and mitigate global climate change. Building performance simulations have been widely used for the estimation and optimization of building performance, providing reference values for the assessment of building energy consumption and the effects of energy-saving technologies. Among the various factors influencing building energy consumption, occupant behavior has drawn increasing attention. Occupant behavior includes occupant presence, movement, and interaction with building energy devices and systems. However, there are gaps in occupant behavior modeling as different energy modelers have employed varied data and tools to simulate occupant behavior, therefore producing different and incomparable results. Aiming to address these gaps, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Community (EBC) Programme Annex 66 has established a scientific methodological framework for occupant behavior research, including data collection, behavior model representation, modeling and evaluation approaches, and the integration of behavior modeling tools with building performance simulation programs. Annex 66 also includes case studies and application guidelines to assist in building design, operation, and policymaking, using interdisciplinary approaches to reduce energy use in buildings and improve occupant comfort and productivity. This paper highlights the key research issues, methods, and outcomes pertaining to Annex 66, and offers perspectives on future research needs to integrate occupant behavior with the building life cycle.

}, keywords = {building performance, energy modeling, energy use, IEA EBC Annex 66, Interdisciplinary approach, occupant behavior}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.084}, author = {Da Yan and Tianzhen Hong and Bing Dong and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Isabella Gaetani and Xiaohang Feng} } @article {30030, title = {A Preliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in Single-Family Homes}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

As regional drought conditions continue deteriorating around the world, residential water use has been brought into the built environment spotlight. Nevertheless, the understanding of water use behavior in residential buildings is still limited. This paper presents data analytics and results from monitoring data of daily water use (DWU) in 50 single-family homes in Texas, USA. The results show the typical frequency distribution curve of the DWU per household and indicate personal income, education level and energy use of appliances all have statistically significant effects on the DWU per capita. Analysis of the water-intensive use demonstrates the residents tend to use more water in post-vacation days. These results help generate awareness of water use behavior in homes. Ultimately, this research could support policy makers to establish a water use baseline and inform water conservation programs.

}, keywords = {daily water use, Data Analytics, occupant behavior, residential water consumption, Water usage behavior}, author = {Peng Xue and Tianzhen Hong and Bing Dong and Cheuk Ming Mak} } @article {30032, title = {Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island in Beijing and the impact on building design and energy performance}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

With the increased urbanization in most countries worldwide, the urban heat island (UHI) effect, referring to the phenomenon that an urban area has higher ambient temperature than the surrounding rural area, has gained much attention in recent years. Given that Beijing is developing rapidly both in urban population and economically, the UHI effect can be significant. A long-term measured weather dataset from 1961 to 2014 for ten rural stations and seven urban stations in Beijing, was analyzed in this study, to understand the detailed temporal and spatial characteristics of the UHI in Beijing. The UHI effect in Beijing is significant, with an urban-to-rural temperature difference of up to 8{\textcelsius} during the winter nighttime. Furthermore, the impacts of UHIs on building design and energy performance were also investigated. The UHI in Beijing led to an approximately 11\% increase in cooling load and 16\% decrease in heating load in the urban area compared with the rural area, whereas the urban heating peak load decreased 9\% and the cooling peak load increased 7\% because of the UHI effect. This study provides insights into the UHI in Beijing and recommendations to improve building design and decision-making while considering the urban microclimate.

}, keywords = {beijing, building design, Microclimate, Temporal and spatial characteristics, urban heat island}, author = {Ying Cui and Da Yan and Tianzhen Hong and Jingjin Ma} } @article {30297, title = {The Impact of Evaporation Process on Thermal Performance of Roofs - Model Development and Numerical Analysis}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, year = {2016}, keywords = {Evaporative Cooling, model development, Net zero energy building, Numerical analysis, Passive techniques, Porous building material, Roof thermal performance}, author = {Lei Zhang and Rongpeng Zhang and Yu Zhang and Tianzhen Hong and Qinglin Meng and Yanshan Feng} } @article {60092, title = {Assessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Public Buildings in China with Advanced Window and Shading Systems}, journal = {Buildings}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {668-699}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higher standard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codes and standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements for fenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to (a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enable characterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction and energy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent views on how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.

System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliant large office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available, highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66\% lower perimeter zone HVAC electricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in cold climates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80\% reductions in perimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38\% reductions in Shanghai compared to the standard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the building industry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the proper supporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significant reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.

}, keywords = {building, China, energy efficiency, shading, windows}, doi = {10.3390/buildings5020668}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Xiufeng Pang and Andrew McNeil and Sabine Hoffmann and Anothai Thanachareonkit and Zhengrong Li and Yong Ding} } @article {60932, title = {Green, Clean, \& Mean: Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Buildings}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, publisher = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, abstract = {

When it comes to innovation in energy and building performance, one can expect leading-edge activity from the technology sector. As front-line innovators in design, materials science, and information management, developing and operating high-performance buildings is a natural extension of their core business.

The energy choices made by technology companies have broad importance given their influence on society at large as well as the extent of their own energy footprint. Microsoft, for example, has approximately 250 facilities around the world (30 million square feet of floor area), with significant aggregate energy use of approximately 4 million kilowatt-hours per day.

There is a degree of existing documentation of efforts to design, build, and operate facilities in the technology sector. However, the material is fragmented and typically looks only at a single company, or discrete projects within a company.Yet, there is no single resource for corporate planners and decision makers that takes stock of the opportunities and documents sector-specific case studies in a structured manner. This report seeks to fill that gap, doing so through a combination of generalized technology assessments ({\textquotedblleft}Key Strategies{\textquotedblright}) and case studies ({\textquotedblleft}Flagship Projects{\textquotedblright}).

}, author = {Evan Mills and Jessica Granderson and Wanyu R. Chan and Richard C. Diamond and Philip Haves and Bruce Nordman and Paul A. Mathew and Mary Ann Piette and Gerald Robinson and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {60948, title = {Occupant Behavior Modeling for Building Performance Simulation: Current State and Future Challenges}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {107}, year = {2015}, month = {11/2015}, pages = {264-278}, abstract = {

Occupant behavior is now widely recognized as a major contributing factor to uncertainty of building performance. While a surge of research on the topic has occurred over the past four decades, and particularly the past few years, there are many gaps in knowledge and limitations to current methodologies. This paper outlines the state-of-the-art research, current obstacles and future needs and directions for the following four-step iterative process: (1) occupant monitoring and data collection, (2) model development, (3) model evaluation, and (4) model implementation into building simulation tools. Major themes include the need for greater rigor in experimental methodologies; detailed, honest, and candid reporting of methods and results; and development of an efficient means to implement occupant behavior models and integrate them into building energy modeling programs.

}, keywords = {building simulation, energy efficiency, energy modeling, energy use, occupant behavior}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.032}, author = {Da Yan and William O{\textquoteright}Brien and Tianzhen Hong and Xiaohang Feng and H. Burak Gunay and Farhang Tahmasebi and Ardeshir Mahdavi} } @article {3443, title = {Transforming BIM to BEM: Generation of Building Geometry for the NASA Ames Sustainability Base BIM}, year = {2013}, month = {01/2013}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Tobias Maile and Cody Rose and Natasa Mrazovic and Elmer Morrissey and Cynthia Regnier and Kristen Parrish and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {3180, title = {Mapping Hvac Systems for Simulation In EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2012 IBPSA Conference}, year = {2012}, month = {07/2012}, address = {Madison, WI, USA}, abstract = {

For building energy simulation tools to be accessible to designers, tool interfaces should present a conventional view of HVAC systems to the user, and then map this view to the internal data model used in the tool. The paper outlines a process that enables design engineers to create HVAC system representations using industry standard terminology and system, icon and typological representations and convert that unified representation into the format required by the whole building energy simulation tool EnergyPlus. This paper describes each stage of the conversion process, which involves transformations between the following representations: 1) engineer{\textquoteright}s representation, 2) component connectivity representation, 3) representation in the internal data model used in the Simergy graphical user interface for EnergyPlus, and 4) EnergyPlus representation.

The paper also describes mappings between these representations and the development of a rule-based validation and assignment framework required to implement that mapping. In addition, the paper describes the implementation of this process in Simergy.

}, author = {Tobias Maile and Mangesh Basarkar and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Philip Haves and Kevin Settlemyre} } @conference {31981, title = {Sustainable Campus with PEV and Microgrid}, booktitle = {2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2019}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

Market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum, as is the move
towards increasingly distributed, clean and renewable electricity sources. EV charging shifts a
significant portion of transportation energy use onto building electricity meters. Hence,
integration strategies for energy-efficiency in buildings and transport sectors are of increasing
importance. This paper focuses on a portion of that integration: the analysis of an optimal
interaction of EVs with a building-serving transformer, and coupling it to a microgrid that
includes PV, a fuel cell and a natural gas micro-turbine. The test-case is the Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore campus. The system under study is the Laboratory
of Clean Energy Research (LaCER) Lab that houses the award winning Microgrid Energy
Management System (MG-EMS) project. The paper analyses three different case scenarios to
estimate the number of EVs that can be supported by the building transformer serving LaCER.
An approximation of the actual load data collected for the building into different time intervals is
performed for a transformer loss of life (LOL) calculation. The additional EV loads that can be
supported by the transformer with and without the microgrid are analyzed. The numbers of
possible EVs that can be charged at any given time under the three scenarios are also determined.
The possibility of using EV fleet at NTU campus to achieve demand response capability and
intermittent PV output leveling through vehicle to grid (V2G) technology and building energy
management systems is also explored.

}, keywords = {buildings, campus, electric vehicles, energy, loads, microgrids, renewable energy, transport}, url = {https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000363.pdf}, author = {K. Nandha Kumar and B. Sivaneasan and P.L. So and H.B. Gooi and Nilesh Jadhav and Reshma Singh and Chris Marnay} } @article {57517, title = {Uncertainties in energy consumption introduced by building operations and weather for a medium-size office building}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {53}, year = {2012}, month = {10/2012}, pages = {152 - 158}, keywords = {Building Operations, energyplus, Monte Carlo Analysis, Uncertainties}, issn = {03787788}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.06.017}, author = {Liping Wang and Paul A. Mathew and Xiufeng Pang} } @conference {2631, title = {An Assessment of the use of Building Energy Performance Simulation in Early Design}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, author = {Vladimir Bazjanac and Tobias Maile and Cody Rose and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Natasa Mrazovic and Elmer Morrissey and Welle, Benjamin} } @conference {2635, title = {Data Enviroments and Processing in Sem-Automated Simulation with EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {CIB W078-W102}, year = {2011}, address = {Sophia Antipolis, France}, author = {Vladimir Bazjanac and Tobias Maile and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Cody Rose and Natasa Mrazovic} } @conference {2630, title = {SimModel: A domain data model for whole building energy simulation}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {10/2011}, abstract = {

Many inadequacies exist within industry-standard data models as used by present-day whole-building energy simulation software. Tools such as EnergyPlus and DOE-2 use custom schema definitions (IDD and BDL respectively) as opposed to standardized schema definitions (defined in XSD, EXPRESS, etc.). Non-standard data modes lead to a requirement for application developers to develop bespoke interfaces. Such tools have proven to be error prone in their implementation {\textendash} typically resulting in information loss.

This paper presents a Simulation Domain Model (SimModel) - a new interoperable XML-based data model for the building simulation domain. SimModel provides a consistent data model across all aspects of the building simulation process, thus preventing information loss. The model accounts for new simulation tool architectures, existing and future systems, components and features. In addition, it is a multi-representation model that enables integrated geometric and MEP simulation configuration data. The SimModel objects ontology moves away from tool-specific, non-standard nomenclature by implementing an industry-validated terminology aligned with Industry Foundation Classes (IFC).

The first implementation of SimModel supports translations from IDD, Open Studio IDD, gbXML and IFC. In addition, the EnergyPlus Graphic User Interface (GUI) employs SimModel as its internal data model. Ultimately, SimModel will form the basis for a new IFC Model View Definition (MVD) that will enable data exchange from HVAC Design applications to Energy Analysis applications. Extensions to SimModel could easily support other data formats and simulations (e.g. Radiance, COMFEN, etc.).

}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Richard See and Cody Rose and Tobias Maile and Vladimir Bazjanac and Philip Haves} } @conference {2634, title = {A software tool to compare measured and simulated building energy performance data}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, abstract = {

Building energy performance is often inadequate when compared to design goals. To link design goals to actual operation one can compare measured with simulated energy performance data. Our previously developed comparison approach is the Energy Performance Comparison Methodology (EPCM), which enables the identification of performance problems based on a comparison of measured and simulated performance data. In context of this method, we developed a software tool that provides graphing and data processing capabilities of the two performance data sets. The software tool called SEE IT (Stanford Energy Efficiency Information Tool) eliminates the need for manual generation of data plots and data reformatting. SEE IT makes the generation of time series, scatter and carpet plots independent of the source of data (measured or simulated) and provides a valuable tool for comparing measurements with simulation results. SEE IT also allows assigning data points on a predefined building object hierarchy and supports different versions of simulated performance data. This paper briefly introduces the EPCM, describes the SEE IT tool and illustrates its use in the context of a building case study.

}, author = {Tobias Maile and Vladimir Bazjanac and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Matthew Garr} } @article {2841, title = {BuildWise Final Report}, year = {2010}, type = {Technical Report}, author = {Marcus Keane and Andrea Costa and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Karsten Menzel and Dirk, Alan} } @conference {244, title = {Development and Testing of Model Predictive Control for a Campus Chilled Water Plant with Thermal Storage}, booktitle = {2010 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Omnipress}, organization = {Omnipress}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

A Model Predictive Control (MPC) implementation was developed for a university campus chilled water plant. The plant includes three water-cooled chillers and a two million gallon chilled water storage tank. The tank is charged during the night to minimize on-peak electricity consumption and take advantage of the lower ambient wet bulb temperature. A detailed model of the chilled water plant and simplified models of the campus buildings were developed using the equation-based modeling language Modelica. Steady state models of the chillers, cooling towers and pumps were developed, based on manufacturers{\textquoteright} performance data, and calibrated using measured data collected and archived by the control system. A dynamic model of the chilled water storage tank was also developed and calibrated. A semi-empirical model was developed to predict the temperature and flow rate of the chilled water returning to the plant from the buildings. These models were then combined and simplified for use in a MPC algorithm that determines the optimal chiller start and stop times and set-points for the condenser water temperature and the chilled water supply temperature. The paper describes the development and testing of the MPC implementation and discusses lessons learned and next steps in further research.

}, issn = {0-918249-60-0}, author = {Brian E. Coffey and Philip Haves and Michael Wetter and Brandon Hencey and Francesco Borrelli and Yudong Ma and Sorin Bengea} } @proceedings {241, title = {Model Predictive Control of Thermal Energy Storage in Building Cooling Systems}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, address = {Baltimore, Maryland, USA}, abstract = {A model-based predictive control (MPC) is designed for optimal thermal energy storage in building cooling systems. We focus on buildings equipped with a water tank used for actively storing cold water produced by a series of chillers. Typically the chillers are operated at night to recharge the storage tank in order to meet the building demands on the following day. In this paper, we build on our previous work, improve the building load model, and present experimental results. The experiments show that MPC can achieve reductionin the central plant electricity cost and improvement of its efficiency.}, author = {Yudong Ma and Francesco Borrelli and Brandon Hencey and Brian E. Coffey and Sorin Bengea and Philip Haves} } @conference {2638, title = {Pervasive Knowledge-Based Networking for Maintenance Inspection in Smart Buildings}, booktitle = {MUCS 2009: 6th IEEE International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services}, year = {2009}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, author = {Paul Mara and Declan O{\textquoteright}Sullivan and Rob Brennan and Marcus Keane and Kris McGlinn and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @article {239, title = {Towards a Very Low Energy Building Stock: Modeling the US Commercial Building Stock to Support Policy and Innovation Planning}, journal = {Building Research and Information}, volume = {37:5}, year = {2009}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

This paper describes the origin, structure and continuing development of a model of time varying energy consumption in the US commercial building stock. The model is based on a flexible structure that disaggregates the stock into various categories (e.g. by building type, climate, vintage and life-cycle stage) and assigns attributes to each of these (e.g. floor area and energy use intensity by fuel type and end use), based on historical data and user-defined scenarios for future projections. In addition to supporting the interactive exploration of building stock dynamics, the model has been used to study the likely outcomes of specific policy and innovation scenarios targeting very low future energy consumption in the building stock. Model use has highlighted the scale of the challenge of meeting targets stated by various government and professional bodies, and the importance of considering both new construction and existing buildings.

}, author = {Brian E. Coffey and Sam Borgeson and Stephen E. Selkowitz and Joshua S. Apte and Paul A. Mathew and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {414, title = {Comparisons of HVAC Simulations between EnergyPlus and DOE-2.2 for data centers}, volume = {115 Part 1}, year = {2008}, month = {2009}, keywords = {data center, doe-2, energy performance, energyplus, simulation}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Dale A. Sartor and Paul A. Mathew and Mehry Yazdanian} } @conference {2641, title = {Design of Underlying Network Infrastructure of Smart Buildings}, booktitle = {2008 IET 4th International Conference on Intelligent Environments}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Wireless Building Management Systems (BMS) are an attractive option when it comes to building retrofitting due to the cost constraints introduced by wired systems. A crucial part of the wireless BMS is the initial planning stage, this process can be impossible for a designer to undertake, therefore highlighting the requirement for a software design tool to aid in this process.

}, keywords = {design, optimisation, Wireless BMS}, isbn = {978-0-86341-894-5 }, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4629790}, author = {Alan McGibney and Martin Klepal and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {2640, title = {Integrating the Specification, Acquisition and Processing of Building Performance Information}, booktitle = {12th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering}, year = {2008}, month = {10/2008}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Martin Keller and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Karsten Menzel and Marcus Keane and Ufuk G{\"o}k{\c c}e} } @conference {3388, title = {Using SPARK as a Solver for Modelica}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2008}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, address = {Berkeley, CA, USA}, author = {Michael Wetter and Philip Haves and Michael A. Moshier and Edward F. Sowell} } @proceedings {62, title = {Using SPARK as a solver for Modelica}, year = {2008}, month = {08/2008}, address = {Berkeley, CA, USA}, abstract = {

Modelica is an object-oriented acausal modeling language that is well positioned to become a de-facto standard for expressing models of complex physical systems. To simulate a model expressed in Modelica, it needs to be translated into executable code. For generating run-time efficient code, such a translation needs to employ algebraic formula manipulations. As the SPARK solver has been shown to be competitive for generating such code but currently cannot be used with the Modelica language, we report in this paper how SPARK{\textquoteright}s symbolic and numerical algorithms can be implemented in OpenModelica, an open-source implementation of a Modelica modeling and simulation environment. We also report benchmark results that show that for our air flow network simulation benchmark, the SPARK solver is competitive with Dymola, which is believed to provide the best solver for Modelica.

}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.us/simbuild2008/technical_sessions/SB08-DOC-TS03-1-Wetter.pdf}, author = {Michael Wetter and Philip Haves and Michael A. Moshier and Edward F. Sowell} } @conference {2661, title = {Computer Model of a University Building Using the EnergyPlus Program}, booktitle = {Proc. Building Simulation 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Danielle Monfet and Radu Zmeureanu and Roland Charneux and Nicolas Lemire} } @conference {380, title = {Coverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive Environments}, booktitle = {IEEE Infocom, 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {5/2007}, address = {Anchorage, AL}, author = {Arunabha Sen and Nibedita Das and Ling Zhou and Bao Hong Shen and Sudheendra Murthy and Prajesh Bhattacharya} } @article {2584, title = {Using Indicators to Profile Energy Consumption and Inform Energy Policy in a University - A Case Study in Ireland}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, pages = {913-922}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

The services sector has the least amount of energy end use data available, which poses significant challenges to companies within the sector attempting to benchmark their energy performance and inform energy management decisions. This paper explores through a case study analysis the use of simple performance indicators and how additional data and new metrics can greatly enhance the understanding of energy trends and in particular the assessment of building energy performance. The country chosen for the analysis is Ireland, where the services sector has experienced high energy demand growth since 1990 (4.1\% annually) compared with the EU-15 (1.5\% annually). Despite this growth, the available energy data is poor, in particular for the public service sub-sectors. The case study chosen is an institution within the education sub-sector, University College Cork. The paper presents some simple energy performance indicators that have been used to date to inform energy policy. The paper then introduces new approaches and tools for assessing energy performance in buildings and how these may be utilised to improve the energy policy decision making and energy management. It discusses how these approaches are been implemented for buildings with separate functions, presents some initial results and discusses future planned work.

}, keywords = {building energy performance, Energy in services sector, energy policy, University}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.11.005}, author = {Brian {\'O} Gallach{\'o}ir and Marcus Keane and Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @proceedings {229, title = {Advanced modeling and simulation techniques in MOSILAB: A system development case study}, year = {2006}, pages = {pp.63-72}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schwarz and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Alexander Mattes and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schneider and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt} } @proceedings {2811, title = {An Analysis of Building Envelope Upgrades for Residential Energy Efficiency in Hot and Humid Climates}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Mini Malhotra and Jeff S. Haberl} } @proceedings {2800, title = {Analysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associated Case Study}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Ian Doebber and Maurya McClintock} } @proceedings {2803, title = {The Energy Performance of the Cold-Formed Steel-Frame and Wood-Frame Houses Developed for Thailand}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Prechaya Mahattanataw and Charunpat Puvanant and Darunee Mongkolsawat} } @proceedings {2810, title = {Performance of High-Performance Glazing in IECC Compliant Building Simulation Model (DOE-2)}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Jaya Mukhopadhyay and Jeff S. Haberl} } @proceedings {2812, title = {Simulation Strategies for Healthcare Design to Achieve Comfort and Optimize Building Energy Use}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Shruti Narayan and Isabelle Lavedrine and Maurya McClintock} } @conference {2816, title = {Building Effectiveness Communication Ratios for Improved Building Life Cycle Management}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation Conference 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, abstract = {

Many existing building energy performance assessment frameworks, quantifying and categorising buildings post occupancy, offer limited feedback on design decisions. An environment providing decision makers with pertinent information to assess the consequences of each design decision in a timely, cost effective and practical manner is required to promote viable low-energy solutions from the outset. This paper outlines a performance-based strategy utilising building effectiveness communication ratios stored in Building Information Models (BIM). Decision makers will be capable of rating the building{\textquoteright}s energy performance throughout its natural life cycle without imposing adverse penalties on facilities located in dissimilar climatic zones subjected to stringent building codes and regulations. With this advancement in building energy assessment in place, a progressive improvement in energy efficiency for the building stock is a feasible and realistic target.

}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and John F. McCarthy} } @proceedings {232, title = {MOSILAB: Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool supporting modal structural dynamics}, year = {2005}, pages = {pp.527-534}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schneider and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Ullrich Doll and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schwarz and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt and Alexander Mattes} } @conference {2664, title = {Natural Ventilation Analysis of an Office Building with Open Atrium}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, canada}, author = {Mohit Mehta} } @conference {2668, title = {Parametric Analysis of a Solar Desiccant Cooling System using the SimSPARK Environment}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Etienne Wurtz and Chadi Maalouf and Laurent Mora and Francis Allard} } @conference {2642, title = {Reducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effectiveness Ratios}, booktitle = {Building Simulation 2005 IBPSA International Conference}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and Brian {\'O} Gallach{\'o}ir} } @conference {2644, title = {BuildingPI: A Future Tool for Building Life Cycle Analysis}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @proceedings {2820, title = {Development of Trade-Off Equations for EnergyStar Windows}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Yu Joe Huang and Robin Mitchell and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @proceedings {285, title = {Graph-theoretic Methods in Simulation Using SPARK}, year = {2004}, month = {04/2004}, address = {Arlington, VA}, abstract = {This paper deals with simulation modeling of nonlinear, deterministic, continuous systems. It describes how the Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel (SPARK) uses the mathematical graph both to describe models of such systems, and to solve the embodied differential-algebraic equation systems (DAEs). Problems are described declaratively rather than algorithmically, with atomic objects representing individual equations and macro objects representing larger programming entities (submodels) in a smooth hierarchy. Internally, in a preprocessing step, graphs are used to represent the problem at the level of equations and variables rather than procedural, multi-equation blocks. Benefits obtained include models that are without predefined input and output sets, enhancing modeling flexibility and code reusability, and relieving the modeler from manual algorithm development. Moreover, graph algorithms are used for problem decomposition and reduction, greatly reducing solution time for wide classes of problems. After describing the methodology the paper presents results of benchmark tests that quantify performance advantages relative to conventional methods. In a somewhat contrived nonlinear example we show O performance as opposed}, author = {Edward F. Sowell and Michael A. Moshier and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {2834, title = {Graph-Theoretic Methods in Simulation Using SPARK}, year = {2004}, month = {04/2004}, address = {Arlington, Virginia, USA}, author = {Edward F. Sowell and Michael A. Moshier and Philip Haves and Dimitri Curtil} } @proceedings {3401, title = {IFC HVAC Interface to EnergyPlus: A Case of Expanded Interoperability for Energy Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Vladimir Bazjanac and Tobias Maile} } @conference {11938, title = {IFC HVAC interface to EnergyPlus - A case of expanded interoperability for energy simulation}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, CO}, author = {Vladimir Bazjanac and Tobias Maile} } @proceedings {3402, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {1835, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004: Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, CO}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @proceedings {3400, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC-Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {2645, title = {Specification of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @article {260, title = {Computer Measurement and Automation System for Gas-fired Heating Furnace}, journal = {Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology (Chinese)}, volume = {35}, year = {2003}, pages = {374-378}, author = {Xiufeng Pang and Yongcheng Jiang and Yan-shu Miao and Jun Xiong} } @proceedings {294, title = {Design and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building}, year = {2003}, month = {08/2003}, address = {Eindhoven, Netherlands}, author = {Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden and Erin McConahey and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {300, title = {The Integration of Engineering and Architecture: a Perspective on Natural Ventilation for the new San Francisco Federal Building}, year = {2002}, month = {08/2002}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

A description of the in-progress design of a new Federal Office Building for San Francisco is used to illustrate a number of issues arising in the design of large, naturally ventilated office buildings. These issues include the need for an integrated approach to design involving the architects, mechanical and structural engineers, lighting designers and specialist simulation modelers. In particular, the use of natural ventilation, and the avoidance of air-conditioning, depends on the high degree of exposed thermal mass made possible by the structural scheme and by the minimization of solar heat gains while maintaining the good daylighting that results from optimization of the fa{\c c}ade. Another issue was the need for a radical change in interior space planning in order to enhance the natural ventilation; all the individual enclosed offices are located along the central spine of each floorplate rather than at the perimeter. The role of integration in deterring the undermining of the design through value engineering is discussed. The comfort criteria for the building were established based on the recent extension to the ASHRAE comfort standard based on the adaptive model for naturally ventilated buildings. The building energy simulation program EnergyPlus was used to compare the performance of different natural ventilation strategies. The results indicate that, in the San Francisco climate, wind-driven ventilation provides sufficient nocturnal cooling to maintain comfortable conditions and that external chimneys do not provide significant additional ventilation at times when it when it would be beneficial.

}, author = {Erin McConahey and Philip Haves and Tim Chirst} } @article {307, title = {Numerical Investigation of Transient Buoyant Flow in a Room with a Displacement Ventilation and Chilled Ceiling System}, journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, month = {08/2001}, pages = {3067-3080}, chapter = {3067}, abstract = {

The air flow in the office ventilation system known as displacement ventilation is dominated by a gravity current from the inlet and buoyant plumes above internal heat sources. Calculations of the flow and heat transfer in a typical office room have been made for this type of ventilation system used in conjunction with chilled ceiling panels. These calculations have been made in parallel with full size test chamber experiments. It has been found that with higher values of internal load (45 and 72 W m-2 of floor area) the flow becomes quasi-periodic in nature. Complex lateral oscillations are seen in the plumes above the heat sources which impinge on the ceiling and induce significant recirculating flows in the room. The frequency spectra of the transient calculations show good agreement with those of the experimental results. Comparison is also made between calculated mean room air speeds and temperature profiles and measured values.

}, doi = {10.1016/S0017-9310(00)00348-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931000003483}, author = {Simon J. Rees and James J. McGuirk and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {310, title = {Better IAQ Through Integrating Design Tools For The HVAC Industry}, year = {2000}, month = {08/2000}, address = {Espoo, Finland}, abstract = {

There is currently no effective combination of interoperable design tools to cover all critical aspects of the HVAC design process. Existing design tools are separately available, but require expertise and operating time that is beyond the scope of a normal design project. For example, energy analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are not used in practical design, leading to poor indoor air quality and/or unnecessary energy consumption in buildings.

A prototype integrated software tool for demonstration, process mapping and proof-of-concept purposes was developed under a new international, Finland/USA jointly funded development project BildIT. Individual design tools were simplified and adapted to specific applications and also integrated so that they can be used in a timely and effective manner by the designer. The core of the prototype linked together an architectural CAD system, a 3D space model, a CFD program and a building energy simulation program and it utilises real product data from manufacturer{\textquoteright}s software. Also the complex building design, construction, maintenance and retrofit processes were mapped to get a template for the structure of the integrated design tool.

}, author = {Tuomas Laine and Risto Kosonen and Kim Hagstr{\"o}m and Panu Mustakallio and De-Wei Yin and Philip Haves and Qingyan Chen} } @article {55796, title = {The HVAC Costs of Fresh Air Ventilation}, year = {1988}, month = {09/1988}, chapter = {31}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Cecile Meyer} } @conference {55647, title = {The HVAC Costs of Increased Fresh Air Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings}, booktitle = {ASHRAE 1988 Annual Meeting}, year = {1988}, month = {01/1988}, publisher = {LBNL}, organization = {LBNL}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada.}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Cecile Meyer} } @proceedings {360, title = {Accuracy of a Simple Method of Estimating the Minimum Temperature of a Sealed Roof Pond}, volume = {5}, year = {1982}, month = {07/1982}, pages = {709-714}, address = {Houston, TX}, abstract = {

Detailed heat flux and temperature measurements have been made in two residential scale roof pond buildings in San Antonio, Texas from July to November 1981. The minimum temprature of the 4 in deep roof pond sealed in PVC bags was approximately equal to the minimum ambient dry bulb temperature. The sensitivity of this equality to changes in meteorological conditions, maximum pond temperature and thermal load is evaluated using the measurements. Verified simulations are then used to evaluate the sensitivity of this equality to changes in the thermal load, and to changes in the depth, surface emittance and surface thermal resistance of the sealed pond in various climates. For the range of roof pond design options of interest in passive cooling of buildings, the minimum pond temperature was found to be within 2 F of the minimum ambient temperature in all climates considered. The equality of these minimum temperatures is advocated as a useful rule of thumb for feasibility assessment and as part of a simplified design methodology. The simulated minimum pond temperature was found to be surprisingly insensitive to a 50\% decrease in the fraction of pond area exposed to the sky.

}, author = {Brady Schutt and Gene Clark and Philip Haves and Merino, M.} } @proceedings {366, title = {Economic Analysis of Desiccant Dehumidifiers in Passive Solar Residences}, year = {1981}, month = {05/1981}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, author = {Peter E. Nelson and McDougal, G. and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {362, title = {Measurement of Components of Heat Transfer in Passive Cooling Systems}, year = {1981}, month = {11/1981}, address = {Miami, FL}, author = {Fred M. Loxsom and Gene Clark and Merino, M. and Philip Haves} } @article {374, title = {QSOs of High Redshift?}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {252}, year = {1974}, month = {11/1974}, pages = {209-210}, chapter = {209}, author = {Ian W.A. Browne and Michael Bentley and Philip Haves and Neil J. McEwan and Ralph E. Spencer and David Stannard} }