@conference {31839, title = {Comparison of MPC Formulations for Building Control under Commercial Time-of-Use Tariffs}, booktitle = {IEEE PowerTech Milan 2019}, year = {2019}, month = {2019}, abstract = {

Most medium and large commercial buildings in\ the U.S. are subject to complex electricity tariffs that combine\ both Time-of-Use (TOU) energy and demand charges. This study\ analyses the performances of different economic Model Predictive\ Control (MPC) formulations, from the standpoints of monthly bill\ reduction, load shifting, and peak demand reduction. Simulations\ are performed on many simplified commercial building models,\ with multiple TOU demand charges, and under various summer\ conditions. Results show that compared to energy-only MPC, the\ traditional method for dealing with demand charges significantly
reduces peak demand and owner bill, however, highlight a lack\ of load shifting capability. A proposed incremental approach
is presented, which better balances the bill components in the\ objective function. In the case study presented, this method
can improve monthly bill savings and increase load shifting\ during demand response events, while keeping a similarly low
peak demand, compared to traditional MPC methods taking into\ account demand charges.

}, keywords = {commercial building, demand charge, Model predictive control (MPC), peak demand, time-of-use tarrif}, author = {Olivier Van Cutsem and Maher Kayal and David Blum and Marco Pritoni} } @article {31673, title = {OPEN COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SHARING DATA ANALYTICS TO SUPPORT BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATIONS}, year = {2019}, month = {08/2019}, abstract = {

Building energy simulation plays an increasingly important role in building design and operation. In this paper, we present an open computing infrastructure, Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI), that allows building designers and engineers to enhance their simulations by combining empirical data with diagnostic or prognostic models. Based on the idea of dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS), the VIFI infrastructure complements conventional data-centric sharing strategies and addresses key data sharing concerns such as the privacy of building occupants. To demonstrate the potential of the VIFI infrastructure, we simulate an empirically-derived lighting schedule in the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s small office building reference model. We use the case study simulation to explore the possibility and potential of integrating data-centric and analytic-centric sharing strategies; the method of combining empirical data with simulations; the creation, sharing, and execution of analytics using VIFI; and the impact of incorporating empirical data on energy simulations. While the case study reveals clear advantages of the VIFI data infrastructure, research questions remain surrounding the motivation and benefits for sharing data, the metadata that are required to support the composition of analytics, and the performance metrics that could be used in assessing the applications of VIFI.

}, author = {Omer T. Karaguzel and Mohammed Elshambakey and Yimin Zhu and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {31663, title = {A Framework for Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing with Enhanced Utility for Cyber-Physical Systems}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks}, volume = {14}, year = {2018}, month = {12/2018}, pages = {1 - 22}, abstract = {

Cyber-physical systems have enabled the collection of massive amounts of data in an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal granularity. Publishing these data can prosper big data research, which, in turn, helps improve overall system efficiency and resiliency. The main challenge in data publishing is to ensure the usefulness of published data while providing necessary privacy protection. In our previous work (Jia et al. 2017a), we presented a privacy-preserving data publishing framework (referred to as PAD hereinafter), which can guarantee k-anonymity while achieving better data utility than traditional anonymization techniques. PAD learns the information of interest to data users or features from their interactions with the data publishing system and then customizes data publishing processes to the intended use of data. However, our previous work is only applicable to the case where the desired features are linear in the original data record. In this article, we extend PAD to nonlinear features. Our experiments demonstrate that for various data-driven applications, PAD can achieve enhanced utility while remaining highly resilient to privacy threats.

}, keywords = {cyber physical systems, deep learning, k-anonymity, Privacy preservation, Smart buildings}, issn = {15504859}, doi = {10.1145/329407010.1145/3275520}, author = {Fisayo Caleb Sangogboye and Ruoxi Jia and Tianzhen Hong and Costas Spanos and Mikkel Baun Kj{\ae}rgaard} } @article {29854, title = {Small and Medium Building Efficiency Toolkit and Community Demonstration Program}, year = {2017}, month = {03/2017}, abstract = {

Small commercial buildings in the United States consume 47 percent of all primary energy consumed in the building sector. Retrofitting small and medium commercial buildings may pose a steep challenge for owners, as many lack the expertise and resources to identify and evaluate cost-effective energy retrofit strategies. To address this problem, this project developed the Commercial Building Energy Saver (CBES), an energy retrofit analysis toolkit that calculates the energy use of a building, identifies and evaluates retrofit measures based on energy savings, energy cost savings, and payback. The CBES Toolkit includes a web app for end users and the CBES Application Programming Interface for integrating CBES with other energy software tools. The toolkit provides a rich feature set, including the following:

  1. Energy Benchmarking providing an Energy Star score
  2. Load Shape Analysis to identify potential building operation improvements
  3. Preliminary Retrofit Analysis which uses a custom developed pre-simulated database
  4. Detailed Retrofit Analysis which utilizes real time EnergyPlus simulations

In a parallel effort the project team developed technologies to measure outdoor airflow rate; commercialization and use would avoid both excess energy use from over ventilation and poor indoor air quality resulting from under ventilation.

If CBES is adopted by California{\textquoteright}s statewide small office and retail buildings, by 2030 the state can anticipate 1,587 gigawatt hours of electricity savings, 356 megawatts of non-coincident peak demand savings, 30.2 megatherms of natural gas savings, $227 million of energy-related cost savings, and reduction of emissions by 757,866 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. In addition, consultant costs will be reduced in the retrofit analysis process.

CBES contributes to the energy savings retrofit field by enabling a straightforward and uncomplicated decision-making process for small and medium business owners and leveraging different levels of assessment to match user background, preference, and data availability.

}, keywords = {CBES, commercial buildings, energy efficiency, energy modeling, energy savings, indoor air quality, indoor environmental quality, outdoor air measurement technology, outdoor airflow intake rate, retrofit, ventilation rate}, doi = {10.7941/S93P70}, author = {Mary Ann Piette and Tianzhen Hong and William J. Fisk and Norman Bourassa and Wanyu R. Chan and Yixing Chen and H.Y. Iris Cheung and Toshifumi Hotchi and Margarita Kloss and Sang Hoon Lee and Phillip N. Price and Oren Schetrit and Kaiyu Sun and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange and Rongpeng Zhang} } @article {60960, title = {Development and validation of a new variable refrigerant flow systemmodel in EnergyPlus}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {117}, year = {2015}, month = {9/2015}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems vary the refrigerant flow to meet the dynamic zone thermalloads, leading to more efficient operations than other system types. This paper introduces a new modelthat simulates the energy performance of VRF systems in the heat pump (HP) operation mode. Com-pared with the current VRF-HP models implemented in EnergyPlus, the new VRF system model has morecomponent models based on physics and thus has significant innovations in: (1) enabling advanced con-trols, including variable evaporating and condensing temperatures in the indoor and outdoor units, andvariable fan speeds based on the temperature and zone load in the indoor units, (2) adding a detailedrefrigerant pipe heat loss calculation using refrigerant flow rate, operational conditions, pipe length, andpipe insulation materials, (3) improving accuracy of simulation especially in partial load conditions, and(4) improving the usability of the model by significantly reducing the number of user input performancecurves. The VRF-HP model is implemented in EnergyPlus and validated with measured data from fieldtests. Results show that the new VRF-HP model provides more accurate estimate of the VRF-HP systemperformance, which is key to determining code compliance credits as well as utilities incentive for VRFtechnologies.

}, keywords = {building simulation, energy modeling, energyplus, Heat pump, model validation, Variable refrigerant flow}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.023}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Kaiyu Sun and Rongpeng Zhang and Ryohei Hinokuma and Shinichi Kasahara and Yoshinori Yura} } @conference {59967, title = {A New Model to Simulate Energy Performance of VRF Systems}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

This paper presents a new model to simulate energy performance of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems in heat pump operation mode (either cooling or heating is provided but not simultaneously). The main improvement of the new model is the introduction of the evaporating and condensing temperature in the indoor and outdoor unit capacity modifier functions. The independent variables in the capacity modifier functions of the existing VRF model in EnergyPlus are mainly room wet-bulb temperature and outdoor dry-bulb temperature in cooling mode and room dry-bulb temperature and outdoor wet-bulb temperature in heating mode. The new approach allows compliance with different specifications of each indoor unit so that the modeling accuracy is improved. The new VRF model was implemented in a custom version of EnergyPlus 7.2. This paper first describes the algorithm for the new VRF model, which is then used to simulate the energy performance of a VRF system in a Prototype House in California that complies with the requirements of Title 24 {\textendash} the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards. The VRF system performance is then compared with three other types of HVAC systems: the Title 24-2005 Baseline system, the traditional High Efficiency system, and the EnergyStar Heat Pump system in three typical California climates: Sunnyvale, Pasadena and Fresno. Calculated energy savings from the VRF systems are significant. The HVAC site energy savings range from 51 to 85\%, while the TDV (Time Dependent Valuation) energy savings range from 31 to 66\% compared to the Title 24 Baseline Systems across the three climates. The largest energy savings are in Fresno climate followed by Sunnyvale and Pasadena. The paper discusses various characteristics of the VRF systems contributing to the energy savings. It should be noted that these savings are calculated using the Title 24 prototype House D under standard operating conditions. Actual performance of the VRF systems for real houses under real operating conditions will vary.

}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Xiufeng Pang and Oren Schetrit and Liping Wang and Shinichi Kasahara and Yoshinori Yura and Ryohei Hinokuma} } @conference {57409, title = {Application of a stochastic window use model in EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2012, 5th National Conference of IBPSA-USA, August 1-3, 2012}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Natural ventilation, used appropriately, has the potential to provide both significant HVAC energy savings, and improvements in occupant satisfaction.

Central to the development of natural ventilation models is the need to accurately represent the behavior of building occupants. The work covered in this paper describes a method of implementing a stochastic window model in EnergyPlus. Simulated window use data from three stochastic window opening models was then compared to measured window opening behavior, collected in a naturally-ventilated office in California. Recommendations regarding the selection of stochastic window use models, and their implementation in EnergyPlus, are presented.

}, url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gm7r783}, author = {Spencer M. Dutton and Hui Zhang and Yongchao Zhai and Edward A. Arens and Youness Bennani Smires and Samuel L. Brunswick and Kyle S. Konis and Philip Haves} } @conference {2671, title = {A Retrofit Tool for Improving Energy Efficiency of Commercial Buildings}, booktitle = {ACEEE 2012 Summer Study}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, address = {Asilomar, CA}, abstract = {

Existing buildings will dominate energy use in commercial buildings in the United States for three decades or longer and even in China for the about two decades. Retrofitting these buildings to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy use is thus critical to achieving the target of reducing energy use in the buildings sector. However there are few evaluation tools that can quickly identify and evaluate energy savings and cost effectiveness of energy conservation measures (ECMs) for retrofits, especially for buildings in China. This paper discusses methods used to develop such a tool and demonstrates an application of the tool for a retrofit analysis. The tool builds on a building performance database with pre-calculated energy consumption of ECMs for selected commercial prototype buildings using the EnergyPlus program. The tool allows users to evaluate individual ECMs or a package of ECMs. It covers building envelope, lighting and daylighting, HVAC, plug loads, service hot water, and renewable energy. The prototype building can be customized to represent an actual building with some limitations. Energy consumption from utility bills can be entered into the tool to compare and calibrate the energy use of the prototype building. The tool currently can evaluate energy savings and payback of ECMs for shopping malls in China. We have used the tool to assess energy and cost savings for retrofit of the prototype shopping mall in Shanghai. Future work on the tool will simplify its use and expand it to cover other commercial building types and other countries.\ 

}, keywords = {building simulation, buildings, China, commercial building, energy efficiency measures, retrofit tool, simulation research group}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000098.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Mark D. Levine and Wei Feng and Jing Ke and Tianzhen Hong and Nan Zhou} } @conference {31981, title = {Sustainable Campus with PEV and Microgrid}, booktitle = {2012 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2019}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, abstract = {

Market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum, as is the move
towards increasingly distributed, clean and renewable electricity sources. EV charging shifts a
significant portion of transportation energy use onto building electricity meters. Hence,
integration strategies for energy-efficiency in buildings and transport sectors are of increasing
importance. This paper focuses on a portion of that integration: the analysis of an optimal
interaction of EVs with a building-serving transformer, and coupling it to a microgrid that
includes PV, a fuel cell and a natural gas micro-turbine. The test-case is the Nanyang
Technological University (NTU), Singapore campus. The system under study is the Laboratory
of Clean Energy Research (LaCER) Lab that houses the award winning Microgrid Energy
Management System (MG-EMS) project. The paper analyses three different case scenarios to
estimate the number of EVs that can be supported by the building transformer serving LaCER.
An approximation of the actual load data collected for the building into different time intervals is
performed for a transformer loss of life (LOL) calculation. The additional EV loads that can be
supported by the transformer with and without the microgrid are analyzed. The numbers of
possible EVs that can be charged at any given time under the three scenarios are also determined.
The possibility of using EV fleet at NTU campus to achieve demand response capability and
intermittent PV output leveling through vehicle to grid (V2G) technology and building energy
management systems is also explored.

}, keywords = {buildings, campus, electric vehicles, energy, loads, microgrids, renewable energy, transport}, url = {https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000363.pdf}, author = {K. Nandha Kumar and B. Sivaneasan and P.L. So and H.B. Gooi and Nilesh Jadhav and Reshma Singh and Chris Marnay} } @article {2582, title = {Calibrating whole building energy models: An evidence-based methodology}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {43}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, pages = {2356-2364}, chapter = {2356}, abstract = {

This paper reviews existing case studies and methods for calibrating whole building energy models to measured data. This research describes a systematic, evidence-based methodology for the calibration of these models. Under this methodology, parameter values in the final calibrated model reference the source of information used to make changes to the initial model. Thus, the final model is based solely on evidence. Version control software stores a complete record of the calibration process, and the evidence on which the final model is based. Future users can review the changes made throughout the calibration process along with the supporting evidence. In addition to the evidence-based methodology, this paper also describes a new zoning process that represents the real building more closely than the typical core and four perimeter zone approach. Though the methodology is intended to apply to detailed calibration studies with high resolution measured data, the primary aspects of the methodology (evidence-based approach, version control, and zone-typing) are independent of the available measured data.

}, keywords = {calibration, Methodology, retrofit, simulation, Version control, Whole building energy model}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.020}, author = {Paul Raferty and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @article {2583, title = {Multi-Criteria Optimisation using Past, Real Time and Predictive Performance Benchmarks}, journal = {Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory}, volume = {19}, year = {2011}, month = {04/2011}, pages = {1258-1265}, chapter = {1258}, author = {Torrens, J. Ignacio and Marcus Keane and Andrea Costa and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {2632, title = {Systematic Development of an Operational BIM Utilising Simulation and Performance Data in Building Operation}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2011}, year = {2011}, month = {11/2011}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, author = {Edward Corry and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Andrea Costa} } @article {2841, title = {BuildWise Final Report}, year = {2010}, type = {Technical Report}, author = {Marcus Keane and Andrea Costa and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Karsten Menzel and Dirk, Alan} } @article {67, title = {A comparison of global optimization algorithms with standard benchmark functions and real-world applications using EnergyPlus}, journal = {Journal of Building Performance Simulation}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, pages = {103-120}, abstract = {

There is an increasing interest in the use of computer algorithms to identify combinations of parameters which optimize the energy performance of buildings. For such problems, the objective function can be multi-modal and needs to be approximated numerically using building energy simulation programs. As these programs contain iterative solution algorithms, they introduce discontinuities in the numerical approximation to the objective function. Metaheuristics often work well for such problems, but their convergence to a global optimum cannot be established formally. Moreover, different algorithms tend to be suited to particular classes of optimization problems. To shed light on this issue we compared the performance of two metaheuristics, the hybrid CMA-ES/HDE and the hybrid PSO/HJ, in minimizing standard benchmark functions and real-world building energy optimization problems of varying complexity. From this we find that the CMA-ES/HDE performs well on more complex objective functions, but that the PSO/HJ more consistently identifies the global minimum for simpler objective functions. Both identified similar values in the objective functions arising from energy simulations, but with different combinations of model parameters. This may suggest that the objective function is multi-modal. The algorithms also correctly identified some non-intuitive parameter combinations that were caused by a simplified controls sequence of the building energy system that does not represent actual practice, further reinforcing their utility.

}, keywords = {algorithm, application using energyplus, building energy minimization, covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy algorithm and hybrid differential evolution, optimization, particle swarm optimization and hooke-jeeves}, doi = {10.1080/19401490903494597}, author = {J{\'e}r{\^o}me Henri K{\"a}mpf and Michael Wetter and Darren Robinson} } @conference {2636, title = {Energy Monitoring Systems value, issues and recommendations based on five case studies}, booktitle = {Clima 2010 conference}, year = {2010}, address = {Antalya, Turkey}, author = {Paul Raferty and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Andrea Costa} } @article {214, title = {Anisotropy invariant Reynolds stress model of turbulence (AIRSM) and its application on attached and separated wall-bounded flows}, journal = {Flow, Turbulence and Combustion}, volume = {83}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, pages = {81-103}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Numerical predictions with a differential Reynolds stress closure, which in its original formulation explicitly takes into account possible states of turbulence on the anisotropy-invariant map, are presented. Thus the influence of anisotropy of turbulence on the modeled terms in the governing equations for the Reynolds stresses is accounted for directly. The anisotropy invariant Reynolds stress model (AIRSM) is implemented and validated in different finite-volume codes. The standard wall-function approach is employed as initial step in order to predict simple and complex wall-bounded flows undergoing large separation. Despite the use of simple wall functions, the model performed satisfactory in predicting these flows. The predictions of the AIRSM were also compared with existing Reynolds stress models and it was found that the present model results in improved convergence compared with other models. Numerical issues involved in the implementation and application of the model are also addressed.

}, keywords = {Anisotrpoy, Invariant map, Reynolds stress model, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, Separated wall-bounded flow, Turbulence, Turbulence modeling}, issn = {1573-1987}, doi = {10.1007/s10494-008-9190-y}, author = {V. Kumar and Bettina Frohnapfel and Jovan Jovanovi{\'c} and Michael Breuer and Wangda Zuo and Ibrahim Hadzi{\'c} and Richard Lechner} } @conference {233, title = {Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climate zones}, booktitle = {6th International Conference on Cold Climate, Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning}, year = {2009}, address = {Sisimiut, Groenland}, abstract = {

The application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climatic zones is demonstrated in this paper. The basics of the programs are presented together with a typical application for a problem specific for the chosen climatic zone. A 1-D calculation has been performed for tropical climate zone with the improvement of a flat roof in Bangkok as an example. For half timbered buildings, which are common in the temperate zone with the 2-D model an infill insulation and its benefits are demonstrated. Finally the combined appliance of the whole building model and the mould risk prognosis model is shown in detail as a special case for the cold climate zone: In heated buildings of cold climate zones the internal climate with its low relative humidity in wintertime often causes discomfort and health problems for the occupants. In case of using air humidifier the risk of mould growth increases. Instead of an uncontrolled humidifying of the dry air an innovativecontrol system using a thermal bridge, which switches the humidifier off when condensation occurs is presented. To quantify the improvement in the comfort while preventing the risk of mould growth for a typical building comparative calculations of the resulting inner climates and its consequences on comfort have been performed.

}, author = {Martin Krus and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Klaus Sedlbauer} } @conference {2629, title = {Key Factors - Methodology for Enhancement and Support of Building Energy Performance}, booktitle = {Building Simulation 2009}, year = {2009}, address = {Glasgow, Scotland}, abstract = {

This paper presents the Key Factors methodology that supports energy managers in determining the optimal building operation strategy in relation to both energy consumption and thermal comfort. The methodology is supported by the utilisation of calibrated building energy simulation models that match measured data gathered by an extensive measurement framework. The paper outlines the proposed methodology defining the underpinning concepts and illustrating the performance metrics required to capture the effect of different building operation strategies. A brief case study is discussed to demonstrate the application of the methodology.

}, url = {http://zuse.ucc.ie/iruse/papersNew/AndreaGlasgow.pdf}, author = {Andrea Costa and Marcus Keane and Paul Raferty and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {3383, title = {Multi-criteria optimisation using past, historical, real time and predictive performance benchmarks}, booktitle = {SEEP 2009: 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Energy \& Environmental Protection}, year = {2009}, author = {Torrens, J. Ignacio and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Andrea Costa} } @article {226, title = {Neue objektorientierte hygrothermische Modell-Bibliothek zur Ermittlung des hygrothermischen und hygienischen Komforts in R{\"a}umen}, journal = {Bauphysik}, volume = {31}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {271-278}, issn = {0171-5445}, doi = {10.1002/bapi.200910036}, author = {Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Klaus Sedlbauer and Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Kurt Kie{\ss}l} } @conference {2638, title = {Pervasive Knowledge-Based Networking for Maintenance Inspection in Smart Buildings}, booktitle = {MUCS 2009: 6th IEEE International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services}, year = {2009}, address = {Barcelona, Spain}, author = {Paul Mara and Declan O{\textquoteright}Sullivan and Rob Brennan and Marcus Keane and Kris McGlinn and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {2641, title = {Design of Underlying Network Infrastructure of Smart Buildings}, booktitle = {2008 IET 4th International Conference on Intelligent Environments}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, address = {Seattle, WA}, abstract = {

Wireless Building Management Systems (BMS) are an attractive option when it comes to building retrofitting due to the cost constraints introduced by wired systems. A crucial part of the wireless BMS is the initial planning stage, this process can be impossible for a designer to undertake, therefore highlighting the requirement for a software design tool to aid in this process.

}, keywords = {design, optimisation, Wireless BMS}, isbn = {978-0-86341-894-5 }, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4629790}, author = {Alan McGibney and Martin Klepal and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {2640, title = {Integrating the Specification, Acquisition and Processing of Building Performance Information}, booktitle = {12th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering}, year = {2008}, month = {10/2008}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Martin Keller and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Karsten Menzel and Marcus Keane and Ufuk G{\"o}k{\c c}e} } @conference {2649, title = {Specification of an Information Delivery Tool to Support Optimal Holistic Environmental and Energy Management in Buildings}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2008}, year = {2008}, month = {07/2008}, address = {Berkeley, CA, USA}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {2639, title = {Utilisation of Whole Building Energy Simulation Output to Provide Optimum Decision Support for Building Managers}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2008}, year = {2008}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @article {2923, title = {A Semi-automated Commissioning Tool for VAV Air Handling Units: Functional Test Analyzer}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {113}, number = {Part 1}, year = {2007}, month = {01/2007}, pages = {380-391}, abstract = {

A software tool that automates the analysis of functional tests for air-handling units is described. The tool compares the performance observed during manual tests with the performance predicted by simple models of the components under test that are configured using design information and catalog data. Significant differences between observed and expected performance indicate the presence of faults. Fault diagnosis is performed by analyzing the variation of these differences with operating point using expert rules and fuzzy inferencing.

The tool has a convenient user interface to facilitate manual entry of measurements made during a test. A graphical display compares the measured and expected performance, highlighting significant differences that indicate the presence of faults. The tool is designed to be used by commissioning providers conducting functional tests as part of either new building commissioning or retro-commissioning, as well as by building owners and operators conducting routine tests to check the performance of their HVAC systems. The paper describes the input data requirements of the tool, the software structure, the graphical interface, and summarizes the development and testing process used.

}, url = {http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/60979.pdf}, author = {Philip Haves and Moosung Kim and Massieh Najafi and Peng Xu} } @article {2584, title = {Using Indicators to Profile Energy Consumption and Inform Energy Policy in a University - A Case Study in Ireland}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {39}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, pages = {913-922}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

The services sector has the least amount of energy end use data available, which poses significant challenges to companies within the sector attempting to benchmark their energy performance and inform energy management decisions. This paper explores through a case study analysis the use of simple performance indicators and how additional data and new metrics can greatly enhance the understanding of energy trends and in particular the assessment of building energy performance. The country chosen for the analysis is Ireland, where the services sector has experienced high energy demand growth since 1990 (4.1\% annually) compared with the EU-15 (1.5\% annually). Despite this growth, the available energy data is poor, in particular for the public service sub-sectors. The case study chosen is an institution within the education sub-sector, University College Cork. The paper presents some simple energy performance indicators that have been used to date to inform energy policy. The paper then introduces new approaches and tools for assessing energy performance in buildings and how these may be utilised to improve the energy policy decision making and energy management. It discusses how these approaches are been implemented for buildings with separate functions, presents some initial results and discusses future planned work.

}, keywords = {building energy performance, Energy in services sector, energy policy, University}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.11.005}, author = {Brian {\'O} Gallach{\'o}ir and Marcus Keane and Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell} } @conference {416, title = {Dehumidification Enhancement of Direct Expansion Systems through Component Augmentation of the Cooling Coil}, booktitle = {Fifteenth Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates, July 24-26, 2006}, year = {2006}, address = {Orlando, FL}, abstract = {

Diverse air conditioning products with enhanced dehumidification features are being introduced to meet the increased moisture laden ventilation air requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62 in humid climates. In this evaluation, state point performance spreadsheet models for single path, mixed air packaged systems compare a conventional "off the shelf" direct expansion (DX) cooling system and its performance to systems that augment the DX coil with enhanced dehumidification components, such as heat exchangers and desiccant dehumidifiers. Using common performance metrics for comparisons at ARI rating conditions, these alternative systems define a best practice for enhanced dehumidification performance. The state point performance spreadsheet models combine available algorithms from the EnergyPlus{\texttrademark} simulation program for DX coils and heat exchangers with newly developed algorithms for desiccant dehumidifiers. All the models and their algorithms are applied in EnergyPlus{\texttrademark} for simulations of annual system cooling performance, including sensible and latent loads met, energy consumed, and humidity levels maintained, in select building types and climatic locations. Per this EnergyPlus{\texttrademark} analysis, these enhanced dehumidification systems present challenging decision-making tradeoffs between humidity control improvements over conventional DX systems, condensing (compressor) unit energy consumption reductions versus DX cool and reheat approaches, and fan energy use increases due to the additional component pressure drops.

}, author = {Douglas Kosar and Don Shirey and Mangesh Basarkar and Muthasamy Swami and Richard Raustad} } @proceedings {3391, title = {Development of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA, USA}, author = {Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Kenneth L. Gillespie and Martha Brook and Christine Shockman and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {268, title = {Development of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

The paper describes the development of a model specification for performance monitoring systems for commercial buildings. The specification focuses on four key aspects of performance monitoring: performance metrics measurement system requirements data acquisition and archiving data visualization and reporting The aim is to assist building owners in specifying the extensions to their control systems that are required to provide building operators with the information needed to operate their buildings more efficiently and to provide automated diagnostic tools with the information required to detect and diagnose faults and problems that degrade energy performance. The paper reviews the potential benefits of performance monitoring, describes the specification guide and discusses briefly the ways in which it could be implemented. A prototype advanced visualization tool is also described, along with its application to performance monitoring. The paper concludes with a description of the ways in which the specification and the visualization tool are being disseminated and deployed.

}, url = {http://www.aceee.org/proceedings-paper/ss06/panel03/paper10}, author = {Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Kenneth L. Gillespie and Martha Brook and Christine Shockman and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {3392, title = {Dynamic Controls for Energy Efficiency and Demand Response: Framework Concepts and a New Construction Case Study in New York}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA, USA}, author = {Sila Kiliccote and Mary Ann Piette and David S. Watson and Glenn D. Hughes} } @article {383, title = {Enhanced Mass Transport in Nanofluids}, journal = {Nanoletters}, volume = {6}, year = {2006}, month = {03/2006}, pages = {419-423}, chapter = {419}, abstract = {

Thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids, which are liquids containing suspended nanoparticles, has been attributed to localized convection arising from the nanoparticles{\textquoteright} Brownian motion. Because convection and mass transfer are similar processes, the objective here is to visualize dye diffusion in nanofluids. It is observed that dye diffuses faster in nanofluids compared to that in water, with a peak enhancement at a nanoparticle volume fraction, φ, of 0.5\%. A possible change in the slope of thermal conductivity enhancement at that same φ signifies that convection becomes less important at higher φ. The enhanced mass transfer in nanofluids can be utilized to improve diffusion in microfluidic devices.

}, doi = {10.1021/nl0522532}, author = {S. Krishnamurthy and Prajesh Bhattacharya and Patrick E. Phelan and Ravi S. Prasher} } @proceedings {270, title = {A Guide for Specifying Performance Monitoring Systems in Commercial and Institutional Buildings}, journal = {14th National Conference on Building Commissioning}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper describes a guide for specifying performance monitoring systems that was developed as part of jointly funded CEC PIER-DOE project intended to assist commercial and institutional building owners in specifying what is required to obtain the information necessary to initiate and sustain an ongoing commissioning activity. The project{\textquoteright}s goal was to facilitate the delivery of specific performance related information to the benefit of both commissioning providers and building operators. A number of large-building owners were engaged in order to help create {\textquoteright}market pull{\textquoteright} for performance monitoring while producing a specification that met their needs. The specification guide and example specification language addresses four key aspects of performance monitoring:

The paper describes key aspects of the guide including how measurement accuracy requirements relate to the performance metrics that are used in both troubleshooting and routine reporting. Guide development activities and related tech-transfer efforts are also presented.

}, author = {Kenneth L. Gillespie and Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {2796, title = {Low Energy Cooling Technologies for Sub-Tropical/Warm Humid Climate Building Systems}, journal = {SimBuild 2006}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury and Mohammad Golam Rasul and Mohammad Masud Kamal} } @conference {2816, title = {Building Effectiveness Communication Ratios for Improved Building Life Cycle Management}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation Conference 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montr{\'e}al, Canada}, abstract = {

Many existing building energy performance assessment frameworks, quantifying and categorising buildings post occupancy, offer limited feedback on design decisions. An environment providing decision makers with pertinent information to assess the consequences of each design decision in a timely, cost effective and practical manner is required to promote viable low-energy solutions from the outset. This paper outlines a performance-based strategy utilising building effectiveness communication ratios stored in Building Information Models (BIM). Decision makers will be capable of rating the building{\textquoteright}s energy performance throughout its natural life cycle without imposing adverse penalties on facilities located in dissimilar climatic zones subjected to stringent building codes and regulations. With this advancement in building energy assessment in place, a progressive improvement in energy efficiency for the building stock is a feasible and realistic target.

}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and John F. McCarthy} } @proceedings {2817, title = {Contrasting the Capabilities of Building Energy Performance Simulation Programs}, journal = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Drury B. Crawley and Jon W. Hand and Michael Kummert and Brent T. Griffith} } @article {273, title = {Model-Based Automated Functional Testing-Methodology and Application to Air Handling Units}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {111}, year = {2005}, chapter = {979}, author = {Peng Xu and Philip Haves and Moosung Kim} } @conference {2642, title = {Reducing Building Operational Cost Through Environmental Effectiveness Ratios}, booktitle = {Building Simulation 2005 IBPSA International Conference}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and Brian {\'O} Gallach{\'o}ir} } @conference {2907, title = {A Semi-Automated Functional Test Data Analysis Tool}, booktitle = {13th National Conference on Building Commissioning}, series = {Proceedings of the 13th National Conference on Building Commissioning}, year = {2005}, address = {New York City, NY}, abstract = {

The growing interest in commissioning is creating a demand that will increasingly be met by mechanical contractors and less experienced commissioning agents. They will need tools to help them perform commissioning effectively and efficiently. The widespread availability of standardized procedures, accessible in the field, will allow commissioning to be specified with greater certainty as to what will be delivered, enhancing the acceptance and credibility of commissioning. In response, a functional test data analysis tool is being developed to analyze the data collected during functional tests for air-handling units.

The functional test data analysis tool is designed to analyze test data, assess performance of the unit under test and identify the likely causes of the failure. The tool has a convenient user interface to facilitate manual entry of measurements made during a test. A graphical display shows the measured performance versus the expected performance, highlighting significant differences that indicate the unit is not able to pass the test. The tool is described as semi-automated because the measured data need to be entered manually, instead of being passed from the building control system automatically. However, the data analysis and visualization are fully automated. The tool is designed to be used by commissioning providers conducting functional tests as part of either new building commissioning or retro-commissioning, as well as building owners and operators interested in conducting routine tests periodically to check the performance of their HVAC systems.

}, author = {Peng Xu and Philip Haves and Moosung Kim} } @proceedings {2815, title = {Specifiction of an IFC-Based Intelligent Graphical User Interface to Support Building Energy Simulation}, journal = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Barry O{\textquoteright}Sullivan and Marcus Keane} } @conference {3382, title = {Two DOE-2 functions}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {This paper presents two DOE-2 functions to expand the modeling capability of DOE-2.1E, a popular calculation engine for building energy simulations. The first function models sensible and total heat recovery between outside air and exhaust air, with optional evaporative precooling of exhaust air before the heat recovery. The existing heat recovery of DOE-2 only allows preheating outside air when exhaust air is more than 10{\textdegree}F warmer than outside air. The second function models distributed energy storage for direct expansion air conditioners which cannot be modeled by any existing system type of DOE-2.1E.}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2005/BS05_0419_426.pdf}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @conference {2669, title = {Two DOE-2 Functions}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @conference {2644, title = {BuildingPI: A Future Tool for Building Life Cycle Analysis}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Elmer Morrissey and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @article {2588, title = {Development of a Thermal Energy Storage Model for EnergyPlus}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {36}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {807-814}, chapter = {807}, keywords = {energyplus, thermal energy storage (tes) system}, author = {Pyeongchan Ihm and Moncef Krarti and Gregor P. Henze} } @proceedings {3402, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, journal = {SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {1835, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004: Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, CO}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @proceedings {3400, title = {Specification and Implementation of IFC-Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Assessment of Hybrid Energy Systems}, journal = {SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @conference {2645, title = {Specification of IFC Based Performance Metrics to Support Building Life Cycle Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004 1st International Conference of IBPSA-USA}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Elmer Morrissey and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Marcus Keane and Vladimir Bazjanac} } @article {2908, title = {An automated functional test and fault detection method}, year = {2003}, author = {Peng Xu and Moosung Kim and Philip Haves} } @conference {2626, title = {VisualDOE {\textendash} A Green Design Tool}, booktitle = {The 4th International Symposium on HVAC}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @article {302, title = {On Approaches to Couple Energy Simulation and Computational Fluid Dynamics Programs}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {37}, year = {2002}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Energy simulation (ES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can play important roles in building design by providing complementary information about the buildings{\textquoteright} environmental performance. However, separate applications of ES and CFD are usually unable to give an accurate prediction of building performance due to the assumptions involved in the separate calculations. Integration of ES and CFD eliminates many of these assumptions since the information provided by the models is complementary. Several different approaches to integrating ES and CFD are described. In order to bridge the discontinuities of time-scale, spatial resolution and computing speed between ES and CFD programs, a staged coupling strategy for different problems is proposed. The paper illustrates a typical dynamic coupling process by means of an example implemented using the EnergyPlus and MIT-CFD programs.

}, author = {Zhiqiang Zhai and Qingyan Chen and Philip Haves and Joseph H. Klems} } @article {308, title = {Analysis of an Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System to Improve Building Operations}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {33}, year = {2001}, month = {10/2001}, pages = {783-792}, chapter = {783}, abstract = {

This paper discusses a demonstration of a technology to address the problem that buildings do not perform as well as anticipated during design. We partnered with an innovative building operator to evaluate a prototype information monitoring and diagnostic system (IMDS). The IMDS consists of a set of high-quality sensors, data acquisition software and hardware, and data visualization software including a web-based remote access system, that can be used to identify control problems and equipment faults. The information system allowed the operators to make more effective use of the building control system and freeing up time to take care of other tenant needs. They report observing significant improvements in building comfort, potentially improving tenant health and productivity. The reduction in the labor costs to operate the building is about US$ 20,000 per year, which alone could pay for the information system in about 5 years. A control system retrofit based on findings from the information system is expected to reduce energy use by 20\% over the next year, worth over US$ 30,000 per year in energy cost savings. The operators are recommending that similar technology be adopted in other buildings.

}, keywords = {building control system, building operation, imds}, doi = {10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00068-8}, author = {Mary Ann Piette and Satkartar T. Khalsa and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {306, title = {Demand Relief and Weather Sensitivity in Large California Commercial Buildings}, journal = {International Conference for Enhancing Building Operations}, year = {2001}, month = {07/2001}, address = {Austin, TX}, abstract = {

A great deal of research has examined the weather sensitivity of energy consumption in commercial buildings; however, the recent power crisis in California has given greater importance to peak demand. Several new loadshedding programs have been implemented or are under consideration. Historically, the target customers have been large industrial users who can reduce the equivalent load of several large office buildings. While the individual load reduction from an individual office building may be less significant, there is ample opportunity for load reduction in this area. The load reduction programs and incentives for industrial customers may not be suitable for commercial building owners. In particular, industrial customers are likely to have little variation in load from day to day. Thus a robust baseline accounting for weather variability is required to provide building owners with realistic targets that will encourage them to participate in load shedding programs.

}, author = {Satkartar Kinney and Mary Ann Piette and Lixing Gu and Philip Haves} } @conference {1850, title = {Strategies for Coupling Energy Simulation Programs and Computational Fluid Dynamics Programs}, booktitle = {Building Sim 2001}, volume = {1}, year = {2001}, month = {08/2001}, pages = {59-66}, address = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, abstract = {

Energy simulation (ES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can play important roles in building design by providing complementary information about the buildings{\textquoteright} environmental performance. However, separate applications of ES and CFD are usually unable to give an accurate prediction of building performance due to the assumptions involved in the separate calculations. Integration of ES and CFD eliminates many of these assumptions since the information provided by the models is complementary. Several different approaches to integrating ES and CFD are described. In order to bridge the discontinuities of time-scale, spatial resolution and computing speed between ES and CFD programs, a staged coupling strategy for different problems is proposed. The paper illustrates a typical dynamic coupling process by means of an example implemented using the EnergyPlus and MIT-CFD programs.

}, author = {Zhiqiang Zhai and Qingyan Chen and Joseph H. Klems and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {310, title = {Better IAQ Through Integrating Design Tools For The HVAC Industry}, journal = {Healthy Buildings 2000}, year = {2000}, month = {08/2000}, address = {Espoo, Finland}, abstract = {

There is currently no effective combination of interoperable design tools to cover all critical aspects of the HVAC design process. Existing design tools are separately available, but require expertise and operating time that is beyond the scope of a normal design project. For example, energy analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools are not used in practical design, leading to poor indoor air quality and/or unnecessary energy consumption in buildings.

A prototype integrated software tool for demonstration, process mapping and proof-of-concept purposes was developed under a new international, Finland/USA jointly funded development project BildIT. Individual design tools were simplified and adapted to specific applications and also integrated so that they can be used in a timely and effective manner by the designer. The core of the prototype linked together an architectural CAD system, a 3D space model, a CFD program and a building energy simulation program and it utilises real product data from manufacturer{\textquoteright}s software. Also the complex building design, construction, maintenance and retrofit processes were mapped to get a template for the structure of the integrated design tool.

}, author = {Tuomas Laine and Risto Kosonen and Kim Hagstr{\"o}m and Panu Mustakallio and De-Wei Yin and Philip Haves and Qingyan Chen} } @proceedings {309, title = {Model-based Performance Monitoring: Review of Diagnostic Methods and Chiller Case Study}, journal = {ACEEE Summer School}, year = {2000}, month = {08/2000}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

The paper commences by reviewing the variety of technical approaches to the problem of detecting and diagnosing faulty operation in order to improve the actual performance of buildings. The review covers manual and automated methods, active testing and passive monitoring, the different classes of models used in fault detection, and methods of diagnosis. The process of model-based fault detection is then illustrated by describing the use of relatively simple empirical models of chiller energy performance to monitor equipment degradation and control problems. The CoolTools{\texttrademark} chiller model identification package is used to fit the DOE-2 chiller model to on-site measurements from a building instrumented with high quality sensors. The need for simple algorithms to reject transient data, detect power surges and identify control problems is discussed, as is the use of energy balance checks to detect sensor problems. The accuracy with which the chiller model can be expected to predict performance is assessed from the goodness of fit obtained and the implications for fault detection sensitivity and sensor accuracy requirements are discussed. A case study is described in which the model was applied retroactively to high-quality data collected in a San Francisco office building as part of a related project (Piette et al. 1999).

}, author = {Philip Haves and Satkartar T. Khalsa} } @proceedings {311, title = {Use of an Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System for Commissioning and Ongoing Operations}, journal = {8th National Conference on Building Commissioning PECI}, year = {2000}, month = {05/2000}, abstract = {This paper discusses a demonstration of a technology to address the problem that buildings do not perform as well as anticipated during design. We partnered with an innovative building operator to evaluate a prototype Information Monitoring and Diagnostic System (IMDS). The IMDS consists of a set of high-quality sensors, data acquisition software and hardware, and data visualization software, including a web-based remote access system that can be used to identify control problems and equipment faults. The IMDS allowed the operators to make more effective use of the control system, freeing up time to take care of other tenant needs. The operators report observing significant improvements in building comfort, potentially improving tenant health and productivity. Reduction in hours to operate the building are worth about $20,000 per year, which alone could pay for the IMDS in about five years. A control system retrofit based on findings from the IMDS is expected to reduce energy use by 20 percent over the next year, worth over $30,000 per year in energy cost savings. The operators recommend that similar technology be adopted in other buildings. While the current IMDS is oriented toward manual, human-based diagnostic techniques, we also evaluated automated diagnostic techniques. Strategies for utilizing results from this demonstration to influence commercial building performance monitoring for commissioning and operations will be discussed. Background}, url = {http://imds.lbl.gov/pubs/paper383.pdf}, author = {Mary Ann Piette and Satkartar T. Khalsa and Philip Haves} } @article {334, title = {Investigation of the Reliability of Building Emulators for Testing Energy Management and Control Systems}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {100}, year = {1994}, author = {Henk C. Peitsman and Shengwei Wang and Philip Haves and Satu H. K{\"a}rki and Cheol P. Park} } @proceedings {338, title = {Climate Change and Passive Cooling in Europe}, journal = {PLEA{\textquoteright}92 Conference}, year = {1992}, address = {Auckland, New Zealand}, author = {Philip Haves and Kenny, G. and Susan Roaf} } @proceedings {341, title = {Use of Building Emulators to Evaluate the Performance of Building Energy Management Systems}, journal = {Building Simulation {\textquoteright}91}, year = {1991}, month = {08/1991}, pages = {209-213}, address = {Nice, France}, abstract = {

Three complementary approaches may be used in the evaluation of the performance of building control systems-simulation, emulation and field testing. In emulation a real-time simulation of the building and HVAC plant is connected to a real building energy management system (BEMS) via a hardware interface. Emulation has the advantage of allowing controlled, repeatable experiments whilst testing real devices that may contain proprietary algorithms. Building emulators have been developed by the authors in the context of lEA Annex 17, which is concerned with the use of simulation to evaluate the performance of BEMS. The paper discusses different approaches to the design of building emulators and describes the different architectures, hardware and software used by the authors. The problem of evaluating the overall performance of BEMS is discussed and results are presented that illustrate the use of emulators to investigate the influence of the tuning of local loop controls on building performance.

}, author = {Hossein Vaezi-Nejad and E. Hutter and Philip Haves and Arthur L. Dexter and George E. Kelly and Pierre Nusgens and Shengwei Wang} } @conference {55643, title = {Thermal Energy Storage System Sizing}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation {\textquoteright}89}, year = {1989}, month = {01/1989}, address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1989/BS89_357_362.pdf}, author = {Dominique Dumortier and Ron C. Kammerud and Birdsall, Bruce E. and Brandt Andersson and Joseph H. Eto and William L. Carroll and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @article {376, title = {The Radio Polarization of Quasars}, journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society}, volume = {168}, year = {1974}, month = {07/1974}, pages = {137-162}, chapter = {137}, abstract = {

Observations over a wide range of wavelengths, 2.2 <= λ <= 73 cm, have been combined to define the wavelength variation of the degree of linear polarization m(λ) for 120 quasars with known redshift. For the majority, m(λ) decreases monotonically with increasing wavelength but for 35 sources the polarization curve is inverted at short wavelengths. A classification is given, based on both the polarization curve and the radio spectrum, and the results are interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of opaque components in the source. The depolarization which occurs at long wavelengths is accounted for by a combination of spectral effects and Faraday depolarization. For 46 steep-spectrum sources the depolarization curve appears to be dominated by the Faraday effect, and has been used to deduce the electron density within the radiating components. In this group of sources the correlation between depolarization and redshift noted by Kronberg et al. is confirmed and strengthened. A discussion is given of some theoretical models of radio sources in the light of the depolarization data.

}, author = {Robin G. Conway and Philip Haves and Philipp P. Kronberg and David Stannard and Jacques P. Vall{\'e}e and John F. C. Wardle} }