@article {31673, title = {OPEN COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SHARING DATA ANALYTICS TO SUPPORT BUILDING ENERGY SIMULATIONS}, year = {2019}, month = {08/2019}, abstract = {

Building energy simulation plays an increasingly important role in building design and operation. In this paper, we present an open computing infrastructure, Virtual Information Fabric Infrastructure (VIFI), that allows building designers and engineers to enhance their simulations by combining empirical data with diagnostic or prognostic models. Based on the idea of dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS), the VIFI infrastructure complements conventional data-centric sharing strategies and addresses key data sharing concerns such as the privacy of building occupants. To demonstrate the potential of the VIFI infrastructure, we simulate an empirically-derived lighting schedule in the U.S. Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s small office building reference model. We use the case study simulation to explore the possibility and potential of integrating data-centric and analytic-centric sharing strategies; the method of combining empirical data with simulations; the creation, sharing, and execution of analytics using VIFI; and the impact of incorporating empirical data on energy simulations. While the case study reveals clear advantages of the VIFI data infrastructure, research questions remain surrounding the motivation and benefits for sharing data, the metadata that are required to support the composition of analytics, and the performance metrics that could be used in assessing the applications of VIFI.

}, author = {Omer T. Karaguzel and Mohammed Elshambakey and Yimin Zhu and Tianzhen Hong} } @conference {31688, title = {OpenBuildingControl: Modeling Feedback Control as a Step Towards Formal Design, Specification, Deployment and Verification of Building Control Sequences}, booktitle = {2018 Building Performance Modeling Conference and SimBuild co-organized by ASHRAE and IBPSA-USA}, year = {2018}, month = {09/2018}, address = {Chicago, IL}, abstract = {

This paper presents ongoing work to develop tools and a process that will allow building designers to instantiate control sequences, configure them for their project, assess their performance in closed loop building energy simulation, and then export these sequences (i) for the control provider to bid on the project and to implement the sequences through machine-to-machine translation, and (ii) for the commissioning agent to verify their correct implementation.

The paper reports on the following: (i) The specification of a Control Description Language, (ii) its use to implement a subset of the ASHRAE Guideline 36 sequences, released as part of the Modelica Buildings library, (iii) its use in annual closed-loop simulations of a variable air- volume flow system, and (iv) lessons learned regarding simulation of closed-loop control.

In our case study, the Guideline 36 sequences yield 30\% lower annual site HYAC energy use, under comparable comfort, than sequences published earlier by ASHRAE. The 30\% differences in annual HYAC energy consumption due to changes in the control sequences raises the question of whether the idealization of control sequences that is common practice in today{\textquoteright}s building energy simulation leads to trustworthy energy use predictions.

}, url = {https://www.ashrae.org/File\%20Library/Conferences/Specialty\%20Conferences/2018\%20Building\%20Performance\%20Analysis\%20Conference\%20and\%20SimBuild/Papers/C107.pdf}, author = {Michael Wetter and Jianjun Hu and Milica Grahovac and Brent Eubanks and Philip Haves} } @article {3414, title = {Monitoring-based HVAC Commissioning of an Existing Office Building for Energy Efficiency}, year = {2012}, month = {10/2012}, abstract = {

The performance of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems may fail to satisfy design expectations due to improper equipment installation, equipment degradation, sensor failures, or incorrect control sequences. Commissioning identifies and implements cost-effective operational and maintenance measures in buildings to bring them up to the design intent or optimum operation. An existing office building is used as a case study to demonstrate the process of commissioning. Building energy benchmarking tools are applied to evaluate the energy performance for screening opportunities at the whole building level. A large natural gas saving potential was indicated by the building benchmarking results. Faulty operations in the HVAC systems, such as improper operations of air-side economizers, simultaneous heating and cooling, and ineffective optimal start, were identified through trend data analyses and functional testing. The energy saving potential for each commissioning measure is quantified with a calibrated building simulation model. An actual energy saving of 10\% was realized after the implementations of cost-effective measures.

}, keywords = {benchmarking, commissioning, energyplus, fault detection and diagnostics, functional testing, trend data}, author = {Shankar Earni and Spencer Woodworth and Xiufeng Pang and Jorge Hernandez-Maldonado and Rongxin Yin and Liping Wang and Steve E. Greenberg and John Fiegel and Alma Rubalcava} } @proceedings {243, title = {Systems Approach to Energy Efficient Building Operation: Case Studies and Lessons Learned in a University Campus}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Omnipress}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

This paper reviews findings from research conducted at a university campus to develop a robust systems approach to monitor and continually optimize building energy performance. The field analysis, comprising three projects, included detailed monitoring, model-based analysis of system energy performance, and implementation of optimized control strategies for both district and building-scale systems. One project used models of the central cooling plant and campus building loads, and weather forecasts to analyze and optimize the energy performance of a district cooling system, comprising chillers, pumps and a thermal energy storage system. Fullscale implementation of policies devised with a model predictive control approach produced energy savings of about 5\%, while demonstrating that the heuristic policies implemented by the operators were close to optimal during peak cooling season and loads. Research was also conducted to evaluate whole building monitoring and control methods. A second project performed in a campus building combined sub-metered end-use data, performance benchmarks, energy simulations and thermal load estimators to create a web-based energy performance visualization tool prototype. This tool provides actionable energy usage information to aid in facility operation and to enable performance improvement. In a third project, an alternative to demand controlled ventilation enabled by direct measurements of building occupancy levels was assessed. Simulations were used to show 5-15\% reduction in building HVAC system energy usage when using estimates of actual occupancy levels.

}, isbn = {0-918249-60-0}, author = {Satish Narayanan and Michael G. Apte and Philip Haves and Mary Ann Piette and John Elliott} } @conference {2660, title = {Simulation of Energy Management Systems in EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {Proc. Building Simulation 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {09/2007}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Peter G. Ellis and Paul A. Torcellini and Drury B. Crawley} } @proceedings {229, title = {Advanced modeling and simulation techniques in MOSILAB: A system development case study}, year = {2006}, pages = {pp.63-72}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schwarz and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Alexander Mattes and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schneider and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt} } @proceedings {2795, title = {Automated Multivariate Optimization Tool for Energy Analysis}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Peter G. Ellis and Brent T. Griffith and Nicholas Long and Paul A. Torcellini} } @proceedings {3396, title = {Using EnergyPlus for California Title-24 Compliance Calculations}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Yu Joe Huang and Norman Bourassa and Walter F. Buhl and Ender Erdem and Robert J. Hitchcock} } @conference {1945, title = {Using EnergyPlus for California Title-24 compliance calculations}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2006}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {

For the past decade, the non-residential portion of California{\textquoteright}s Title-24 building energy standard has relied on DOE-2.1E as the reference computer simulation program for development as well as compliance. However, starting in 2004, the California Energy Commission has been evaluating the possible use of EnergyPlus as the reference program in future revisions of Title-24. As part of this evaluation, the authors converted the Alternate Compliance Method (ACM) certification test suite of 150 DOE-2 files to EnergyPlus, and made parallel DOE-2 and EnergyPlus runs for this extensive set of test cases. A customized version of DOE-2.1E named doe2ep was developed to automate the conversion process. This paper describes this conversion process, including the difficulties in establishing an apples-to-apples comparison between the two programs, and summarizes how the DOE-2 and EnergyPlus results compare for the ACM test cases.

}, author = {Yu Joe Huang and Norman Bourassa and Walter F. Buhl and Ender Erdem and Robert J. Hitchcock} } @proceedings {232, title = {MOSILAB: Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool supporting modal structural dynamics}, year = {2005}, pages = {pp.527-534}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schneider and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Ullrich Doll and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schwarz and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt and Alexander Mattes} } @proceedings {2814, title = {Simulating Tall Buildings Using EnergyPlus}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Peter G. Ellis and Paul A. Torcellini} } @conference {3382, title = {Two DOE-2 functions}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, address = {Canada}, abstract = {This paper presents two DOE-2 functions to expand the modeling capability of DOE-2.1E, a popular calculation engine for building energy simulations. The first function models sensible and total heat recovery between outside air and exhaust air, with optional evaporative precooling of exhaust air before the heat recovery. The existing heat recovery of DOE-2 only allows preheating outside air when exhaust air is more than 10{\textdegree}F warmer than outside air. The second function models distributed energy storage for direct expansion air conditioners which cannot be modeled by any existing system type of DOE-2.1E.}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2005/BS05_0419_426.pdf}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @conference {2669, title = {Two DOE-2 Functions}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @proceedings {2823, title = {EnergyPlus: An Update}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Drury B. Crawley and Linda K. Lawrie and Curtis O. Pedersen and Frederick C. Winkelmann and Michael J. Witte and Richard K. Strand and Richard J. Liesen and Walter F. Buhl and Yu Joe Huang and Robert H. Henninger and Jason Glazer and Daniel E. Fisher and Don B. Shirley and Brent T. Griffith and Peter G. Ellis and Lixing Gu} } @proceedings {2818, title = {Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Modeling with the EnergyPlus Calculation Engine}, year = {2004}, month = {09/2004}, address = {Denver, Colorado, USA}, author = {Brent T. Griffith and Peter G. Ellis} } @proceedings {2828, title = {Simulation of Tubular Daylighting Devices and Daylighting Shelves in EnergyPlus}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, Colorado, USA}, author = {Peter G. Ellis and Richard K. Strand and Kurt T. Baumgartner} } @conference {2626, title = {VisualDOE {\textendash} A Green Design Tool}, booktitle = {The 4th International Symposium on HVAC}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, address = {Beijing, China}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Charles N. Eley and Erik Kolderup} } @conference {55643, title = {Thermal Energy Storage System Sizing}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation {\textquoteright}89}, year = {1989}, month = {01/1989}, address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1989/BS89_357_362.pdf}, author = {Dominique Dumortier and Ron C. Kammerud and Birdsall, Bruce E. and Brandt Andersson and Joseph H. Eto and William L. Carroll and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @article {55796, title = {The HVAC Costs of Fresh Air Ventilation}, year = {1988}, month = {09/1988}, chapter = {31}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Cecile Meyer} } @conference {55647, title = {The HVAC Costs of Increased Fresh Air Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings}, booktitle = {ASHRAE 1988 Annual Meeting}, year = {1988}, month = {01/1988}, publisher = {LBNL}, organization = {LBNL}, address = {Ottawa, ON, Canada.}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Cecile Meyer} } @conference {55644, title = {Modeling Cogeneration Systems with DOE-2.1C}, booktitle = {ASHRAE 1988 Winter Meeting}, year = {1988}, month = {01/1988}, publisher = {LBNL}, organization = {LBNL}, address = {Dallas, TX}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Steven D. Gates} } @article {55646, title = {Saving Electricity in Commercial Buildings with Adjustable-Speed Drives}, journal = {IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications}, volume = {24}, year = {1988}, month = {05/1988}, publisher = {IEEE}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Fan and chiller energy savings achievable in commercial buildings with adjustable-speed drives are described. The savings are estimated with the aid of parametric simulations from a sophisticated, hourly building energy simulation model. Two prototypes-a single-zone retail store and a multizone medium office building-are simulated for five U.S. locations. The model incorporates part-load performance curves for both inlet vane and adjustable-speed drive controls for fans and centrifugal chillers. The results identify economic conditions that justify the added expense of adjustable-speed drives.

}, doi = {10.1109/28.2893}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Anibal T De Almeida} } @article {55645, title = {On Using Degree-days to Account for the Effects of Weather on Annual Energy Use in Office Buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {12}, year = {1988}, month = {09/1988}, chapter = {113}, abstract = {

To better quantify the effects of conservation measures, degree.day-based techniques are commonly used to isolate weather.induced changes in building energy use. In this paper, we use a building energy simulation model, which allows us to hold fixed all influences on energy use besides weather, to evaluate several degree-day-based techniques. The evaluation is applied to simulated electricity and natural gas consumption for two large office building prototypes located in five U.8. climates. We review the development of degree day- based, weather-normalization techniques to identify issues for applying the techniques to office buildings and then evaluate the accuracy of the techniques with the simulated data. We conclude that, for the two office building prototypes and five U.8. locations examined, most techniques perform reasonably well; accuracy, in predicting annual consumption, is generally better than 10\%. Our major finding is that accuracy among individual techniques is overwhelmed by circumstances outside the control of the analyst, namely, the choice of the initial year from which the normalization estimates are made.

}, doi = {10.1016/0378-7788(88)90073-4}, author = {Joseph H. Eto} } @proceedings {351, title = {The Use of Dynamic Simulation Models to Evaluate Algorithms for Building Energy Control: Experience with HVACSIM+}, volume = {8}, year = {1987}, month = {09/1987}, address = {Lausanne, Switzerland}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Mahroo M. Eftekhari and Philip Haves and F{\'a}bio Gon{\c c}alves Jota} } @conference {55939, title = {A Comparison of Weather Normalization Techniques for Commercial Building Energy Use}, booktitle = {DOE/ASHRAE/BTECC Conference on Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings III}, year = {1985}, month = {12/1985}, publisher = {LBNL}, organization = {LBNL}, address = {Clearwater Beach, FL }, author = {Joseph H. Eto} } @conference {55941, title = {Cooling Strategies Based on Indicators of Thermal Storage in Commercial Building Mass}, booktitle = {Second Symposium on Improving Building Systems in Hot and Humid Climates}, year = {1985}, month = {09/1985}, address = {College Station, Texas}, author = {Joseph H. Eto} } @conference {55797, title = {The DOE-2 Computer Program for Thermal Simulation of Buildings}, booktitle = {American Institute of Physics (AIP)}, volume = {135}, number = {642}, year = {1985}, month = {01/1985}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, organization = {American Institute of Physics}, doi = {10.1063/1.35478}, author = {Birdsall, Bruce E. and Walter F. Buhl and Richard B. Curtis and Ender Erdem and Joseph Eto and James J. Hirsch and Karen H. Olson and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @conference {55942, title = {Implications of Office Building Thermal Mass and Multi-day Temperature Profiles for Cooling Strategies}, booktitle = {ASME/AIChe National Heat Transfer Conference}, year = {1985}, month = {08/1985}, address = {Denver, CO}, abstract = {

This paper describes a study of the cooling energy requirements that result from thermal storage in building mass, and suggests methods for predicting and controlling its energy cost implications. The study relies on computer simulations of energy use for a large office building prototype in El Paso, TX using the DOE-2 building energy analysis program. Increased Monday cooling energy requirements resulting from the weekend shut-down of HVAC systems are documented. Predictors of energy use and peak demands, which account for thermal storage in building mass, are described. Load-shifting, sub-cooling and pre-cooling equipment operating strategies are evaluated with explicit reference to utility rate schedules.

}, keywords = {commercial buildings, cooling energy, energy conservation, peak demand, thermal mass}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Gay Powell} } @proceedings {55943, title = {New Features of the DOE-2.1c Energy Analysis Program}, year = {1985}, month = {01/1985}, publisher = {International Building Performance Simulation Association}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1985/BS85_195_200.pdf}, author = {Walter F. Buhl and Ender Erdem and Joseph H. Eto and James J. Hirsch and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @conference {55944, title = {Commercial Building Cogeneration Opportuntities}, booktitle = {ACEEE Summer Study in Energy Efficient Buildings}, year = {1984}, month = {08/1984}, address = {Santa Cruz, CA}, url = {http://aceee.org/files/proceedings/1984/data/papers/SS84_Panel1_Paper_059.pdf$\#$page=1}, author = {Joseph H. Eto} } @conference {55945, title = {The DOE-2 Building Energy Analysis Program}, booktitle = {ASEAN Conference on Energy Conservation in Buildings}, year = {1984}, month = {05/1984}, address = {Singapore}, author = {Richard B. Curtis and Birdsall, Bruce E. and Walter F. Buhl and Ender Erdem and Joseph H. Eto and James J. Hirsch and Karen H. Olson and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @conference {55946, title = {Optimal Cogeneration Systems for High-Rise Office Buildings}, booktitle = {18th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference }, year = {1983}, month = {05/1983}, address = {Orlando, FL}, author = {Joseph H. Eto} }