@article {32192, title = {Culture, conformity, and carbon? A multi-country analysis of heating and cooling practices in office buildings}, journal = {Energy Research \& Social Science}, volume = {61}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-03-2020}, pages = {101344}, abstract = {

This study investigates human-building interaction in office spaces across multiple countries including Brazil, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the United States, and Taiwan. We analyze social-psychological, contextual, and demographic factors to explain cross-country differences in adaptive thermal actions (i.e. cooling and heating behaviors) and conformity to the norms of sharing indoor environmental control features, an indicator of energy consumption. Specifically, personal adjustments such as putting on extra clothes are generally preferred over technological solutions such as adjusting thermostats in reaction to thermal discomfort. Social-psychological factors including attitudes, perceived behavioral control, injunctive norms, and perceived impact of indoor environmental quality on work productivity influence occupants{\textquoteright} intention to conform to the norms of sharing environmental control features. Lastly, accessibility to environmental control features, office type, gender, and age are also important factors. These findings demonstrate the roles of social-psychological and certain contextual factors in occupants{\textquoteright}
interactions with building design as well as their behavior of sharing environmental control features, both of which significantly influence building energy consumption, and thus, broader decarbonization.

}, issn = {22146296}, doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2019.101344}, author = {Chen, Chien-fei and Tianzhen Hong and de Rubens, Gerardo Zarazua and Yilmaz, Selin and Bandurski, Karol and B{\'e}lafi, Zs{\'o}fia Deme and De Simone, Marilena and Bavaresco, Mateus Vin{\'\i}cius and Wang, Yu and Liu, Pei-ling and Barthelmes, Verena M. and Adams, Jacqueline and D{\textquoteright}Oca, Simona and Przybylski, {\L}ukasz} } @article {30484, title = {Human-building interaction at work: Findings from an interdisciplinary cross-country survey in Italy}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {132}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

This study presents results from an interdisciplinary survey assessing contextual and behavioral factors driving occupants{\textquoteright} interaction with building and systems in offices located across three different Mediterranean climates in Turin (Northern), Perugia (Central), and Rende (Southern) Italy. The survey instrument is grounded in an interdisciplinary framework that bridges the gap between building physics and social science environments on the energy- and comfort-related human-building interaction in the workspace. Outcomes of the survey questionnaire provide insights into four key learning objectives: (1) individual occupant{\textquoteright}s motivational drivers regarding interaction with shared building environmental controls (such as adjustable thermostats, operable windows, blinds and shades, and artificial lighting), (2) group dynamics such as perceived social norms, attitudes, and intention to share controls, (3) occupant perception of the ease of use and knowledge of how to operate control systems, and (4) occupant-perceived comfort, satisfaction, and productivity. This study attempts to identify climatic, cultural, and socio-demographic influencing factors, as well as to establish the validity of the survey instrument and robustness of outcomes for future studies. Also, the paper aims at illustrating why and how social science insights can bring innovative knowledge into the adoption of building technologies in shared contexts, thus enhancing perceived environmental satisfaction and effectiveness of personal indoor climate control in office settings and impacting office workers{\textquoteright} productivity and reduced operational energy costs.

}, keywords = {Human-building interaction, indoor environmental comfort, interdisciplinary framework, occupant behavior, office buildings, questionnaire survey}, doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.039}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Anna Laura Pisello and Marilena De Simone and Verena M. Barthelmes and Tianzhen Hong and Stefano P. Corgnati} } @article {29898, title = {The Human Dimensions of Energy Use in Buildings: A Review}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

The "human dimensions" of energy use in buildings refer to the energy-related behaviors of key stakeholders that affect energy use over the building life cycle. Stakeholders include building designers, operators, managers, engineers, occupants, industry, vendors, and policymakers, who directly or indirectly influence the acts of designing, constructing, living, operating, managing, and regulating the built environments, from individual building up to the urban scale. Among factors driving high-performance buildings, human dimensions play a role that is as significant as that of technological advances. However, this factor is not well understood, and, as a result, human dimensions are often ignored or simplified by stakeholders. This paper presents a review of the literature on human dimensions of building energy use to assess the state-of-the-art in this topic area. The paper highlights research needs for fully integrating human dimensions into the building design and operation processes with the goal of reducing energy use in buildings while enhancing occupant comfort and productivity. This research focuses on identifying key needs for each stakeholder involved in a building{\textquoteright}s lifecycle and takes an interdisciplinary focus that spans the fields of architecture and engineering design, sociology, data science, energy policy, codes, and standards to provide targeted insights. Greater understanding of the human dimensions of energy use has several potential benefits including reductions in operating cost for building owners;enhanced comfort conditions and productivity for building occupants;more effective building energy management and automation systems for building operators and energy managers; and the integration of more accurate control logic into the next generation of human-in-the-loop technologies. The review concludes by summarizing recommendations for policy makers and industry stakeholders for developing codes, standards, and technologies that can leverage the human dimensions of energy use to reliably predict and achieve energy use reductions in the residential and commercial buildings sectors.

}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Tianzhen Hong and Jared Langevin} } @article {30482, title = {IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Building}, volume = {156}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

More than 30\% of the total primary energy in the world is consumed in buildings. It is crucial to reduce building energy consumption in order to preserve energy resources and mitigate global climate change. Building performance simulations have been widely used for the estimation and optimization of building performance, providing reference values for the assessment of building energy consumption and the effects of energy-saving technologies. Among the various factors influencing building energy consumption, occupant behavior has drawn increasing attention. Occupant behavior includes occupant presence, movement, and interaction with building energy devices and systems. However, there are gaps in occupant behavior modeling as different energy modelers have employed varied data and tools to simulate occupant behavior, therefore producing different and incomparable results. Aiming to address these gaps, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Community (EBC) Programme Annex 66 has established a scientific methodological framework for occupant behavior research, including data collection, behavior model representation, modeling and evaluation approaches, and the integration of behavior modeling tools with building performance simulation programs. Annex 66 also includes case studies and application guidelines to assist in building design, operation, and policymaking, using interdisciplinary approaches to reduce energy use in buildings and improve occupant comfort and productivity. This paper highlights the key research issues, methods, and outcomes pertaining to Annex 66, and offers perspectives on future research needs to integrate occupant behavior with the building life cycle.

}, keywords = {building performance, energy modeling, energy use, IEA EBC Annex 66, Interdisciplinary approach, occupant behavior}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.084}, author = {Da Yan and Tianzhen Hong and Bing Dong and Ardeshir Mahdavi and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Isabella Gaetani and Xiaohang Feng} } @article {30029, title = {Occupant behavior models: A critical review of implementation and representation approaches in building performance simulation programs}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Occupant behavior (OB) in buildings is a leading factor influencing energy use in buildings. Quantifying this influence requires the integration of OB models with building performance simulation (BPS). This study reviews approaches to representing and implementing OB models in today{\textquoteright}s popular BPS programs, and discusses weaknesses and strengths of these approaches and key issues in integrating of OB models with BPS programs. Two key findings are: (1) a common data model is needed to standardize the representation of OB models, enabling their flexibility and exchange among BPS programs and user applications; the data model can be implemented using a standard syntax (e.g., in the form of XML schema), and (2) a modular software implementation of OB models, such as functional mock-up units for co-simulation, adopting the common data model, has advantages in providing a robust and interoperable integration with multiple BPS programs. Such common OB model representation and implementation approaches help standardize the input structures of OB models, enable collaborative development of a shared library of OB models, and allow for rapid and widespread integration of OB models with BPS programs to improve the simulation of occupant behavior and quantification of their impact on building performance.

}, keywords = {Behavior Modeling, building performance simulation, co-simulation, data model, occupant behavior}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Yixing Chen and Zsofia Belafi and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca} } @article {30030, title = {A Preliminary Investigation of Water Usage Behavior in Single-Family Homes}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

As regional drought conditions continue deteriorating around the world, residential water use has been brought into the built environment spotlight. Nevertheless, the understanding of water use behavior in residential buildings is still limited. This paper presents data analytics and results from monitoring data of daily water use (DWU) in 50 single-family homes in Texas, USA. The results show the typical frequency distribution curve of the DWU per household and indicate personal income, education level and energy use of appliances all have statistically significant effects on the DWU per capita. Analysis of the water-intensive use demonstrates the residents tend to use more water in post-vacation days. These results help generate awareness of water use behavior in homes. Ultimately, this research could support policy makers to establish a water use baseline and inform water conservation programs.

}, keywords = {daily water use, Data Analytics, occupant behavior, residential water consumption, Water usage behavior}, author = {Peng Xue and Tianzhen Hong and Bing Dong and Cheuk Ming Mak} } @article {29896, title = {Synthesizing building physics with social psychology: An interdisciplinary framework for context and occupant behavior in office buildings}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

This study introduces an interdisciplinary framework for investigating building-user interaction in office spaces. The framework is a synthesis of theories from building physics and social psychology including social cognitive theory, the theory of planned behavior, and the drivers-needs-actions-systems ontology for energy-related behaviors. The goal of the research framework is to investigate the effects of various behavioral adaptations and building controls (i.e., adjusting thermostats, operating windows, blinds and shades, and switching on/off artificial lights) to determine impacts on occupant comfort and energy-related operational costs in the office environment. This study attempts to expand state-of-the-art understanding of: (1) the environmental, personal, and behavioral drivers motivating occupants to interact with building control systems across four seasons, (2) how occupants{\textquoteright} intention to share controls is influenced by social-psychological variables such as attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in group negotiation dynamic, (3) the perceived ease of usage and knowledge of building technologies, and (4) perceived satisfaction and productivity. To ground the validation of the theoretical framework in diverse office settings and contexts at the international scale, an online survey was designed to collect cross-country responses from office occupants among 14 universities and research centers within the United States, Europe, China, and Australia.

}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Chien-Fen Chen and Tianzhen Hong and Zsofia Belafi} } @article {30315, title = {Ten Questions Concerning Occupant Behavior in Buildings: The Big Picture}, journal = {Building and Environment}, year = {2017}, abstract = {

Occupant behavior has significant impacts on building energy performance and occupant comfort. However, occupant behavior is not well understood and is often oversimplified in the building life cycle, due to its stochastic, diverse, complex, and interdisciplinary nature. The use of simplified methods or tools to quantify the impacts of occupant behavior in building performance simulations significantly contributes to performance gaps between simulated models and actual building energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to understand occupant behavior in a comprehensive way, integrating qualitative approaches and data- and model-driven quantitative approaches, and employing appropriate tools to guide the design and operation of low-energy residential and commercial buildings that integrate technological and human dimensions. This paper presents ten questions, highlighting some of the most important issues regarding concepts, applications, and methodologies in occupant behavior research. The proposed questions and answers aim to provide insights into occupant behavior for current and future researchers, designers, and policy makers, and most importantly, to inspire innovative research and applications to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy use in buildings.

}, keywords = {Behavior Modeling, building performance, building simulation, energy use, interdisciplinary, occupant behavior}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Da Yan and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Chien-Fei Chen} } @article {60962, title = {Advances in research and applications of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {116}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, pages = {694-702}, abstract = {

Occupant behavior is one of the major factors influencing building energy consumption and contributing to uncertainty in building energy use prediction and simulation. Currently the understanding of occupant behavior is insufficient both in building design, operation and retrofit, leading to incorrect simplifications in modeling and analysis. This paper introduced the most recent advances and current obstacles in modeling occupant behavior and quantifying its impact on building energy use. The major themes include advancements in data collection techniques, analytical and modeling methods, and simulation applications which provide insights into behavior energy savings potential and impact. There has been growing research and applications in this field, but significant challenges and opportunities still lie ahead.

}, keywords = {Behavior Modeling, Building design and operation, building performance simulation, energy use, occupant behavior}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.052}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Da Yan and Stefano P. Corgnati} } @article {60963, title = {Introduction to an occupant behavior motivation survey framework}, year = {2016}, abstract = {

An increasing body of research is underlying the need to foster energy behaviors and interaction with technology as a way to achieve energy savings in office buildings. However, engaging office users into more {\textquotedblleft}forgiving{\textquotedblright} comfort-adaptive behavior is not a trivial task, since neither consequences nor benefits for changing behavior have visible or tangible effects on them personally. Since the 70{\textquoteright}s, survey studies in the field of building science have been used to gain better understanding of multidisciplinary drivers of occupant behavior with respect to comfort and energy requirements in buildings. Rather than focusing on individual behaviors {\textendash} and influencing factors {\textendash} purpose of this survey research is to provide quantitative descriptions on the collective and social motivations within the complexity of different social groups in working environment, under different geographical context, culture and norms. The resultant questionnaire survey emerges as a combination of traditional and adaptive comfort theories, merged with social science theory. The questionnaire explores to what extent the occupant energy-related behavior in working spaces is driven by a motivational sphere influenced by i) comfort requirements, ii) habits, iii) intentions and iv) actual control of building systems. The key elements of the proposed occupant behavior motivational framework are grounded on the Driver Need Action System framework for energy-related behaviors in buildings. Goal of the study is to construct an additional layer of standardized knowledge to enrich the state-of-the-art on energy-related behavior in office buildings.

}, keywords = {DNAs framework, energy-related occupant behavior, motivation, office buildings, questionnaire survey}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Stefano P. Corgnati and Anna Laura Pisello and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {60092, title = {Assessment of the Potential to Achieve Very Low Energy Use in Public Buildings in China with Advanced Window and Shading Systems}, journal = {Buildings}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {668-699}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higher standard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codes and standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements for fenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to (a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enable characterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction and energy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent views on how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.

System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliant large office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available, highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66\% lower perimeter zone HVAC electricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in cold climates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80\% reductions in perimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38\% reductions in Shanghai compared to the standard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the building industry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the proper supporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significant reductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.

}, keywords = {building, China, energy efficiency, shading, windows}, doi = {10.3390/buildings5020668}, author = {Eleanor S. Lee and Xiufeng Pang and Andrew McNeil and Sabine Hoffmann and Anothai Thanachareonkit and Zhengrong Li and Yong Ding} } @proceedings {31979, title = {CLIMATE-SPECIFIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR BEST-PRACTICE INDIAN OFFICE BUILDINGS}, journal = {BS2015: 14th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association}, year = {2015}, month = {12/2015}, address = {Hyderabad, India}, abstract = {

This paper describes the methodology and results of building energy modeling to validate and quantify the energy savings from conservation measures in medium-sized office buildings in four different climate zones in India. We present the different energy measures and their expected and simulated performances and discuss the results and the influence of climate.\ 

}, keywords = {Climate specific building energy models, india}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2015/p2714.pdf}, author = {Reshma Singh and Baptiste Ravache and Spencer M. Dutton} } @article {59988, title = {A Data-mining Approach to Discover Patterns of Window Opening and Closing Behavior in Offices}, year = {2015}, abstract = {

Understanding the relationship between occupant behaviors and building energy consumption is one of the most effective ways to bridge the gap between predicted and actual energy consumption in buildings. However effective methodologies to remove the impact of other variables on building energy consumption and isolate the leverage of the human factor precisely are still poorly investigated. Moreover, the effectiveness of statistical and data mining approaches in finding meaningful correlations in data is largely undiscussed in literature. This study develops a framework combining statistical analysis with two data-mining techniques, cluster analysis and association rules mining, to identify valid window operational patterns in measured data. Analyses are performed on a data set with measured indoor and outdoor physical parameters and human interaction with operable windows in 16 offices. Logistic regression was first used to identify factors influencing window opening and closing behavior. Clustering procedures were employed to obtain distinct behavioral patterns, including motivational, opening duration, interactivity and window position patterns. Finally the clustered patterns constituted a base for association rules segmenting the window opening behaviors into two archetypal office user profiles for which different natural ventilation strategies as well as robust building design recommendations that may be appropriate. Moreover, discerned working user profiles represent more accurate input to building energy modeling programs, to investigate the impacts of typical window opening behavior scenarios on energy use, thermal comfort and productivity in office buildings

}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {60932, title = {Green, Clean, \& Mean: Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Buildings}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, publisher = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, abstract = {

When it comes to innovation in energy and building performance, one can expect leading-edge activity from the technology sector. As front-line innovators in design, materials science, and information management, developing and operating high-performance buildings is a natural extension of their core business.

The energy choices made by technology companies have broad importance given their influence on society at large as well as the extent of their own energy footprint. Microsoft, for example, has approximately 250 facilities around the world (30 million square feet of floor area), with significant aggregate energy use of approximately 4 million kilowatt-hours per day.

There is a degree of existing documentation of efforts to design, build, and operate facilities in the technology sector. However, the material is fragmented and typically looks only at a single company, or discrete projects within a company.Yet, there is no single resource for corporate planners and decision makers that takes stock of the opportunities and documents sector-specific case studies in a structured manner. This report seeks to fill that gap, doing so through a combination of generalized technology assessments ({\textquotedblleft}Key Strategies{\textquotedblright}) and case studies ({\textquotedblleft}Flagship Projects{\textquotedblright}).

}, author = {Evan Mills and Jessica Granderson and Wanyu R. Chan and Richard C. Diamond and Philip Haves and Bruce Nordman and Paul A. Mathew and Mary Ann Piette and Gerald Robinson and Stephen E. Selkowitz} } @article {59987, title = {Occupancy Schedules Learning Process Through a Data Mining Framework}, journal = {Energy and Buildings}, volume = {88}, year = {2015}, month = {02/2015}, pages = {395-408}, abstract = {

Building occupancy is a paramount factor in building energy simulations. Specifically, lighting, plug loads, HVAC equipment utilization, fresh air requirements and internal heat gain or loss greatly depends on the level of occupancy within a building. Developing the appropriate methodologies to describe and reproduce the intricate network responsible for human-building interactions are needed. Extrapolation of patterns from big data streams is a powerful analysis technique which will allow for a better understanding of energy usage in buildings. A three-step data mining framework is applied to discover occupancy patterns in office spaces. First, a data set of 16 offices with 10\ min interval occupancy data, over a two year period is mined through a decision tree model which predicts the occupancy presence. Then a rule induction algorithm is used to learn a pruned set of rules on the results from the decision tree model. Finally, a cluster analysis is employed in order to obtain consistent patterns of occupancy schedules. The identified occupancy rules and schedules are representative as four archetypal working profiles that can be used as input to current building energy modeling programs, such as EnergyPlus or IDA-ICE, to investigate impact of occupant presence on design, operation and energy use in office buildings.

}, keywords = {Behavioral Pattern, building simulation, data mining, Occupancy schedule, occupant behavior, Office Building}, doi = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.065}, author = {Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Tianzhen Hong} } @article {60959, title = {An Ontology to Represent Energy-Related Occupant Behavior in Buildings. Part II: Implementation of the DNAS framework using an XML schema}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {94}, year = {2015}, month = {08/2015}, pages = {196-205}, abstract = {

Energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is difficult to define and quantify, yet critical to our understanding of total building energy consumption. Part I of this two-part paper introduced the DNAS (Drivers, Needs, Actions and Systems) framework, to standardize the description of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper implements the DNAS framework into an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, titled {\textquoteleft}occupant behavior XML{\textquoteright} (obXML). The obXML schema is used for the practical implementation of the DNAS framework into building simulation tools. The topology of the DNAS framework implemented in the obXML schema has a main root element OccupantBehavior, linking three main elements representing Buildings, Occupants and Behaviors. Using the schema structure, the actions of turning on an air conditioner and closing blinds provide two examples of how the schema standardizes these actions using XML. The obXML schema has inherent flexibility to represent numerous, diverse and complex types of occupant behaviors in buildings, and it can also be expanded to encompass new types of behaviors. The implementation of the DNAS framework into the obXML schema will facilitate the development of occupant information modeling (OIM) by providing interoperability between occupant behavior models and building energy modeling programs.

}, keywords = {building energy consumption, building simulation, energy modeling, obXML, occupant behavior, XML schema}, doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.006}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange and William J. N. Turner and Yixing Chen and Stefano P. Corgnati} } @article {59959, title = {An Ontology to Represent Energy-related Occupant Behavior in Buildings Part I: Introduction to the DNAs Framework}, journal = {Building and Environment}, volume = {92}, year = {2015}, month = {10/2015}, pages = {764-777}, abstract = {

Reducing energy consumption in the buildings sector requires significant changes, but technology alone may fail to guarantee efficient energy performance. Human behavior plays a pivotal role in building design, operation, management and retrofit, and is a crucial positive factor for improving the indoor environment, while reducing energy use at low cost. Over the past 40 years, a substantial body of literature has explored the impacts of human behavior on building technologies and operation. Often, need-action-event cognitive theoretical frameworks were used to represent human-machine interactions. In Part I of this paper a review of more than 130 published behavioral studies and frameworks was conducted. A large variety of data-driven behavioral models have been developed based on field monitoring of the human-building-system interaction. Studies have emerged scattered geographically around the world that lack in standardization and consistency, thus leading to difficulties when comparing one with another. To address this problem, an ontology to represent energy-related occupant behavior in buildings is presented. Accordingly, the technical DNAs framework is developed based on four key components: i) the Drivers of behavior, ii) the Needs of the occupants, iii) the Actions carried out by the occupants, and iv) the building systems acted upon by the occupants. This DNAs framework is envisioned to support the international research community to standardize a systematic representation of energy-related occupant behavior in buildings. Part II of this paper further develops the DNAs framework as an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema, obXML, for exchange of occupant information modeling and integration with building simulation tools.

}, keywords = {Building energy, human-building-system interaction, modeling, occupant behavior, ontology, simulation}, doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.019}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Simona D{\textquoteright}Oca and William J. N. Turner and Sarah C. Taylor-Lange} } @article {59969, title = {Integrated Design for High Performance Buildings}, year = {2014}, author = {Tianzhen Hong and Cheng Li and Richard C. Diamond and Da Yan and Qi Zhang and Xin Zhou and Siyue Guo and Kaiyu Sun and Jingyi Wang} } @conference {57409, title = {Application of a stochastic window use model in EnergyPlus}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2012, 5th National Conference of IBPSA-USA, August 1-3, 2012}, year = {2012}, month = {08/2012}, address = {Madison, WI}, abstract = {

Natural ventilation, used appropriately, has the potential to provide both significant HVAC energy savings, and improvements in occupant satisfaction.

Central to the development of natural ventilation models is the need to accurately represent the behavior of building occupants. The work covered in this paper describes a method of implementing a stochastic window model in EnergyPlus. Simulated window use data from three stochastic window opening models was then compared to measured window opening behavior, collected in a naturally-ventilated office in California. Recommendations regarding the selection of stochastic window use models, and their implementation in EnergyPlus, are presented.

}, url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2gm7r783}, author = {Spencer M. Dutton and Hui Zhang and Yongchao Zhai and Edward A. Arens and Youness Bennani Smires and Samuel L. Brunswick and Kyle S. Konis and Philip Haves} } @article {2841, title = {BuildWise Final Report}, year = {2010}, type = {Technical Report}, author = {Marcus Keane and Andrea Costa and James O{\textquoteright}Donnell and Karsten Menzel and Dirk, Alan} } @proceedings {394, title = {{\textquotedblleft}The Monitoring,{\textquotedblright} Panel: Chill-Off}, journal = {Silicon Valley Leadership Group Data Center Energy Efficiency Summit}, year = {2009}, month = {10/2009}, address = {Sunnyvale, CA}, author = {Dean Nelson and Brian Day and Geoffrey C. Bell and Prajesh Bhattacharya and Mike Ryan} } @conference {380, title = {Coverage Problem for Sensors Embedded in Temperature Sensitive Environments}, booktitle = {IEEE Infocom, 2007}, year = {2007}, month = {5/2007}, address = {Anchorage, AL}, author = {Arunabha Sen and Nibedita Das and Ling Zhou and Bao Hong Shen and Sudheendra Murthy and Prajesh Bhattacharya} } @article {3389, title = {Energy Performance of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems}, year = {2007}, institution = {California Energy Commission - Public Interest Energy Research Program}, author = {Fred S. Bauman and Thomas L. Webster and Hui Jin and Wolfgang Lukaschek and Corinne Benedek and Edward A. Arens and Paul F. Linden and Anna Lui and Walter F. Buhl and Darryl J. Dickerhoff} } @proceedings {2800, title = {Analysis Process for Designing Double Skin Facades and Associated Case Study}, journal = {SimBuild 2006}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Cambridge, MA, USA}, author = {Ian Doebber and Maurya McClintock} } @proceedings {3391, title = {Development of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA, USA}, author = {Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Kenneth L. Gillespie and Martha Brook and Christine Shockman and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {268, title = {Development of a Model Specification for Performance Monitoring Systems for Commercial Buildings}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Asilomar, California, USA}, abstract = {

The paper describes the development of a model specification for performance monitoring systems for commercial buildings. The specification focuses on four key aspects of performance monitoring: performance metrics measurement system requirements data acquisition and archiving data visualization and reporting The aim is to assist building owners in specifying the extensions to their control systems that are required to provide building operators with the information needed to operate their buildings more efficiently and to provide automated diagnostic tools with the information required to detect and diagnose faults and problems that degrade energy performance. The paper reviews the potential benefits of performance monitoring, describes the specification guide and discusses briefly the ways in which it could be implemented. A prototype advanced visualization tool is also described, along with its application to performance monitoring. The paper concludes with a description of the ways in which the specification and the visualization tool are being disseminated and deployed.

}, url = {http://www.aceee.org/proceedings-paper/ss06/panel03/paper10}, author = {Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Kenneth L. Gillespie and Martha Brook and Christine Shockman and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {270, title = {A Guide for Specifying Performance Monitoring Systems in Commercial and Institutional Buildings}, journal = {14th National Conference on Building Commissioning}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, abstract = {

This paper describes a guide for specifying performance monitoring systems that was developed as part of jointly funded CEC PIER-DOE project intended to assist commercial and institutional building owners in specifying what is required to obtain the information necessary to initiate and sustain an ongoing commissioning activity. The project{\textquoteright}s goal was to facilitate the delivery of specific performance related information to the benefit of both commissioning providers and building operators. A number of large-building owners were engaged in order to help create {\textquoteright}market pull{\textquoteright} for performance monitoring while producing a specification that met their needs. The specification guide and example specification language addresses four key aspects of performance monitoring:

The paper describes key aspects of the guide including how measurement accuracy requirements relate to the performance metrics that are used in both troubleshooting and routine reporting. Guide development activities and related tech-transfer efforts are also presented.

}, author = {Kenneth L. Gillespie and Philip Haves and Robert J. Hitchcock and Joseph J Deringer and Kristopher L. Kinney} } @proceedings {2790, title = {Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition}, journal = {2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2006}, month = {08/2006}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA, USA}, author = {Paul A. Torcellini and Shanti Pless and Michael Deru and Drury B. Crawley} } @conference {2665, title = {Design of the Natural Ventilation System for the New San Diego Children{\textquoteright}s Museum}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, author = {Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden and Martha Brook} } @conference {2667, title = {Improving the Data Available to Simulation Programs}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation 2005}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2005}, address = {Montreal, Canada}, abstract = {

Building performance simulation tools have significantly improved in quality and depth of analysis capability over the past thirty-five years. Yet despite these increased capabilities, simulation programs still depend on user entry for significant data about building components, loads, and other typically scheduled inputs. This often forces users to estimate values or find previously compiled sets of data for these inputs. Often there is little information about how the data were derived, what purposes it is fit for, which standards apply, uncertainty associated with each data field as well as a general description of the data.

A similar problem bedeviled access to weather data and Crawley, Hand, and Lawrie (1999) described a generalized weather data format developed for use with two energy simulation programs which has subsequently lead to a repository which is accessed by thousands of practitioners each year.

This paper describes a generalized format and data documentation for user input{\textemdash}whether it is building envelope components, scheduled loads, or environmental emissions{\textemdash}the widgets upon which all models are dependant. We present several examples of the new input data format including building envelope component, a scheduled occupant load, and environmental emissions.

}, author = {Jon W. Hand and Drury B. Crawley and Michael Donn and Linda K. Lawrie} } @proceedings {232, title = {MOSILAB: Development of a modelica based generic simulation tool supporting modal structural dynamics}, journal = {4th International Modelica Conference}, year = {2005}, pages = {pp.527-534}, address = {Hamburg, Germany}, author = {Christoph Nytsch-Geusen and Thilo Ernst and Peter Schneider and Mathias Vetter and Andreas Holm and Juergen Leopold and Ullrich Doll and Andre Nordwig and Peter Schwarz and Christoph Wittwer and Thierry Stephane Nouidui and Gerhardt Schmidt and Alexander Mattes} } @conference {1806, title = {A Simulation-Based Testing and Training Environment for Building Controls}, booktitle = {SimBuild 2004, Building Sustainability and Performance Through Simulation}, year = {2005}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

A hybrid simulation environment for controls testing and training is described. A real-time simulation of a building and HVAC system is coupled to a real building control system using a hardware interface. A prototype has been constructed and tested in which the dynamic performance of both the HVAC equipment and the building envelope is simulated using SPARK (Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel). A low cost hardware interface between the simulation and the real control system is implemented using plug-in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog cards in a personal computer. The design and implementation of the hardware interface in SPARK are described. The development of a variant of this environment that uses a derivative of EnergyPlus to test the implementation of a natural ventilation control strategy in real control hardware is also described.

Various applications of the hybrid simulation environment are briefly described, including the development of control algorithms and strategies, control system product testing and the pre-commissioning of building control system installations. The application to the education and training of building operators and HVAC service technicians is discussed in more detail, including the development of a community college curriculum that includes the use of the hybrid simulation environment to teach both control system configuration and HVAC troubleshooting.

}, author = {Peng Xu and Philip Haves and Joseph J Deringer} } @article {11714, title = {Design and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research \& Technology}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, year = {2004}, pages = {211-221}, abstract = {

The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. Each floor is designed to be cross-ventilated, through upper windows that are controlled by the building management system. Users have control over lower level windows, which can be as much as 50\% of the total openable area. There are significant differences in the performance and the control of the windward and leeward sides of the building, and separate monitoring and control strategies are determined for each side. The performance and control of the building has been designed and tested using a modified version of EnergyPlus. Results from studies with EnergyPlus and computational fluid dynamics are used in designing the control strategy. Wind-driven cross-ventilation produces a main jet through the upper openings of the building, across the ceiling from the windward to the leeward side. Below this jet, the occupied regions are subject to a recirculating airflow. Results show that temperatures within the building are predicted to be satisfactory, provided a suitable control strategy is implemented that uses night cooling in periods of hot weather. The control strategy has 10 window opening modes. EnergyPlus was extended to simulate the effects of these modes, and to assess the effects of different forms of user behaviour. The results show how user behaviour can significantly influence the building performance.

(Note: PDF contains both LBNL-56010 \& LBNL-56010 Conf.)

}, author = {Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden and Philip Haves} } @article {280, title = {Design and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research \& Technology}, volume = {25}, year = {2004}, pages = {223-239}, abstract = {The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. Each floor is designed to be cross-ventilated, through upper windows that are controlled by the building management system. Users have control over lower level windows, which can be as much as 50\% of the total openable area. There are significant differences in the performance and the control of the windward and leeward sides of the building, and separate monitoring and control strategies are determined for each side. The performance and control of the building has been designed and tested using a modified version of EnergyPlus. Results from studies with EnergyPlus and computational fluid dynamics are used in designing the control strategy. Wind-driven cross-ventilation produces a main jet through the upper openings of the building, across the ceiling from the windward to the leeward side. Below this jet, the occupied regions are subject to a recirculating airflow. Results show that temperatures within the building are predicted to be satisfactory, provided a suitable control strategy is implemented that uses night cooling in periods of hot weather. The control strategy has 10 window opening modes. EnergyPlus was extended to simulate the effects of these modes, and to assess the effects of different forms of user behaviour. The results show how user behaviour can significantly influence the building performance.}, doi = {10.1191/0143624404bt107oa}, url = {http://bse.sagepub.com/content/25/3/223}, author = {Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {282, title = {A simulation-based testing and training environment for building controls}, journal = {Simbuild 2004}, year = {2004}, address = {Boulder, CO}, abstract = {

A hybrid simulation environment for controls testing and training is described. A real-time simulation of a building and HVAC system is coupled to a real building control system using a hardware interface. A prototype has been constructed and tested in which the dynamic performance of both the HVAC equipment and the building envelope is simulated using SPARK (Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel). A low cost hardware interface between the simulation and the real control system is implemented using plug-in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog cards in a personal computer. The design and implementation of the hardware interface in SPARK are described. The development of a variant of this environment that uses a derivative of EnergyPlus to test the implementation of a natural ventilation control strategy in real control hardware is also described. Various applications of the hybrid simulation environment are briefly described, including the development of control algorithms and strategies, control system product testing and the pre-commissioning of building control system installations. The application to the education and training of building operators and HVAC service technicians is discussed in more detail, including the development of a community college curriculum that includes the use of the hybrid simulation environment to teach both control system configuration and HVAC troubleshooting.

}, author = {Peng Xu and Philip Haves and Joseph J Deringer} } @proceedings {2824, title = {Transferred Just on Paper? Why Doesn{\textquoteright}t the Reality of Transferring/Adapting Energy Efficiency Codes and Standards Come Close to the Potential?}, journal = {ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings}, year = {2004}, month = {08/2004}, address = {Pacific Grove, California, USA}, author = {Joseph J Deringer and Maithili Iyer and Yu Joe Huang} } @article {279, title = {Use of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research \& Technology}, volume = {25}, year = {2004}, pages = {211-221}, abstract = {The design for the new Federal Building for San Francisco includes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. The EnergyPlus thermal simulation program was used to evaluate different ventilation strategies for space cooling and rationalize the design of the fa{\c c}ade. The strategies include ventilation driven by different combinations of wind, internal stack and external stack. The simulation results indicate that wind-driven ventilation can maintain adequate comfort even during hot periods. Computational fluid dynamics was used to study the airflow and temperature distribution in the occupied spaces arising from different combinations of window openings and outside conditions and thereby inform both the design of the windows and the control strategy.}, doi = {10.1191/0143624404bt102oa}, url = {http://bse.sagepub.com/content/25/3/211}, author = {Philip Haves and Paul F. Linden and Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a} } @proceedings {294, title = {Design and Testing of a Control Strategy for a Large Naturally Ventilated Office Building}, journal = {Building Simulation {\textquoteright}03}, year = {2003}, month = {08/2003}, address = {Eindhoven, Netherlands}, author = {Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden and Erin McConahey and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {293, title = {Use of Simulation in the Design of a Large Naturally Ventilated Commercial Office Building}, journal = {Building Simulation {\textquoteright}03}, year = {2003}, month = {08/2003}, address = {Eindhoven, Netherlands}, url = {http://www.inive.org/members_area/medias/pdf/Inive/IBPSA/UFSC912.pdf}, author = {Philip Haves and Guilherme Carrilho da Gra{\c c}a and Paul F. Linden} } @article {314, title = {Qualitative Comparison of North American and U.K. Cooling Load Calculation Procedures}, journal = {International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2000}, pages = {75-99}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

A qualitative comparison is presented between three current North American and U.K. design cooling load calculation methods. The methods compared are the ASHRAE Heat Balance Method, the Radiant Time Series Method and the Admittance Method, used in the U.K. The methods are compared and contrasted in terms of their overall structure. In order to generate the values of the 24 hourly cooling loads, comparison was also made in terms of the processing of the input data and the solution of the equations required. Specific comparisons are made between the approximations used by the three calculation methods to model some of the principal heat transfer mechanisms. Conclusions are drawn regarding the ability of the simplified methods to correctly predict peak-cooling loads compared to the Heat Balance Method predictions. Comment is also made on the potential for developing similar approaches to cooling load calculation in the U.K. and North America in the future.

}, doi = {10.1080/10789669.2000.10391251}, author = {Simon J. Rees and Jeffrey D. Spitler and Morris G. Davies and Philip Haves} } @article {319, title = {A Standard Simulation Testbed for the Evaluation of Control Algorithms \& Strategies}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {104}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

This paper, which reports the results of ASHRAE Research Project 825, describes the development of a set of tools and supporting data to facilitate the evaluation of HVAC control algorithms and strategies using computer simulation. The tools consist of a documented set of component models for use in two component-based HVAC simulation programs. New models have been developed to enable explicit simulation of flow rates and pressure drops in ventilation systems, particularly variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, and detailed simulation of algorithms and strategies used in HVAC control systems. A mixed-use building equipped with a VAV HVAC system has been extensively documented, and a detailed model of the fabric, mechanical equipment, and controls has been produced in order to illustrate the capabilities and use of the tools. Values for the parameters in the component models describing the fabric and mechanical equipment are based on construction drawings, manufacturer{\textquoteright}s specifications, surveys, and measurements. Detailed models of the strategies for fan control, supply air temperature control, and room temperature control were developed from the controls manufacturer{\textquoteright}s technical information and the configuration of the actual control system. A simulation model of the whole building was then assembled from the models of the fabric, mechanical equipment, and controls. Results obtained by exercising the test bed in order to demonstrate its use in evaluating the performance of interacting control loops are presented. The paper concludes by discussing possible applications and extensions of the test bed.

}, author = {Philip Haves and Leslie K. Norford and Mark DeSimone} } @proceedings {325, title = {Development and Testing of a Prototype Tool for HVAC Control System Commissioning}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {102}, year = {1996}, edition = {1}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, abstract = {

Describes a set of automated tests for use in commissioning the controls associated with coils and mixing boxes in air-handling units. The test procedures were developed using a computer simulation of an office building air conditioning system and were verified by manual testing in real buildings. A prototype automated commissioning system was then evaluated in blind tests on a large air conditioning test rig. Concludes that automated commissioning has the potential to reduce the cost and increase the thoroughness of HVAC controls commissioning. A prototype commissioning tool is under development based on the described approach.

}, keywords = {air conditioning, automatic, commissioning, controls, prototypes, testing, year 1996}, author = {Philip Haves and Jorgensen, D.R. and Tim I. Salsbury and Arthur L. Dexter} } @article {332, title = {Evaluating the Performance of Building Control Systems using an Emulator}, journal = {Building Services Engineering Research \& Technology}, volume = {15}, year = {1994}, abstract = {The control performance of an air-conditioning system is assessed using a qualitative method of evaluation. Fuzzy logic is used to relate performance criteria expressed in the form of IF-THEN rules to quantitative measures of energy consumption, discomfort, and maintenance costs. Test data were generated using an emulator consisting of a real-time simulation of the building shell and HVAC plant, together with a hardware interface that connects the simulation to commercial control equipment. Two case studies are presented. In the first, the effect of changing the strategy used to determine the zone temperature set-points is evaluated using {\textquoteright}expert rules{\textquoteright}, generated by a hypothetical facilities manager. In the second case study, the effect of varying the tuning parameters of the control system is evaluated using two sets of rules assumed to represent the differing perspectives of a facilities manager and a control engineer.}, doi = {10.1177/014362449401500302}, url = {http://bse.sagepub.com/content/15/3.toc}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {333, title = {Fault Detection in Air-Conditioning Systems Using A.I. Techniques}, journal = {BEP{\textquoteright}94}, year = {1994}, address = {York, England}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Richard S. Fargus and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {331, title = {Model-Based Approaches to Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Air-Conditioning System}, journal = {System Simulation in Buildings {\textquoteright}94}, year = {1994}, month = {12/1994}, address = {Li{\`e}ge, Belgium}, author = {Mourad Benouarets and Arthur L. Dexter and Richard S. Fargus and Philip Haves and Tim I. Salsbury and Jonathan A. Wright} } @proceedings {336, title = {Automatic Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems}, journal = {CLIMA 2000}, year = {1993}, month = {11/1993}, address = {London, England}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves and Jorgensen, D.R.} } @proceedings {337, title = {Development of Techniques to Assist in the Commissioning of HVAC Control Systems}, journal = {CIBSE National Conference}, year = {1993}, month = {05/1993}, address = {Manchester, UK}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves and Jorgensen, D.R.} } @proceedings {344, title = {Self-tuning Control with Fuzzy Rule-Based Supervision for HVAC Applications}, journal = {ITAC 91}, year = {1991}, address = {Singapore}, author = {Keck-Voon Ling and Arthur L. Dexter and Geng, G. and Philip Haves} } @article {343, title = {Use of a Building Emulator to Develop Techniques for Improved Commissioning and Control of HVAC Systems}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, volume = {97}, year = {1991}, keywords = {air conditioning, automatic, commissioning, computer programs, controls, energy management, heating, ventilation}, author = {Philip Haves and Arthur L. Dexter and Jorgensen, D.R. and Keck-Voon Ling and Geng, G.} } @proceedings {342, title = {Use of a Building Emulator to Evaluate Control Strategies Implemented in Commercial BEMS}, journal = {Building Environmental Performance {\textquoteright}91}, year = {1991}, month = {04/1991}, address = {Cantebury, England}, author = {Philip Haves and Arthur L. Dexter} } @proceedings {341, title = {Use of Building Emulators to Evaluate the Performance of Building Energy Management Systems}, journal = {Building Simulation {\textquoteright}91}, year = {1991}, month = {08/1991}, pages = {209-213}, address = {Nice, France}, abstract = {

Three complementary approaches may be used in the evaluation of the performance of building control systems-simulation, emulation and field testing. In emulation a real-time simulation of the building and HVAC plant is connected to a real building energy management system (BEMS) via a hardware interface. Emulation has the advantage of allowing controlled, repeatable experiments whilst testing real devices that may contain proprietary algorithms. Building emulators have been developed by the authors in the context of lEA Annex 17, which is concerned with the use of simulation to evaluate the performance of BEMS. The paper discusses different approaches to the design of building emulators and describes the different architectures, hardware and software used by the authors. The problem of evaluating the overall performance of BEMS is discussed and results are presented that illustrate the use of emulators to investigate the influence of the tuning of local loop controls on building performance.

}, author = {Hossein Vaezi-Nejad and E. Hutter and Philip Haves and Arthur L. Dexter and George E. Kelly and Pierre Nusgens and Shengwei Wang} } @proceedings {345, title = {The Influence of Tuning on the Performance of a Building Control System}, journal = {System Simulation in Buildings {\textquoteright}90}, year = {1990}, month = {12/1990}, address = {Li{\`e}ge, Belgium}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves} } @article {347, title = {A Robust Self-Tuning Controller for HVAC Applications}, journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, year = {1989}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {346, title = {Simulation of Local Loop Controls}, journal = {Building Simulation 89}, year = {1989}, address = {Vancouver, Canada}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Philip Haves} } @conference {55643, title = {Thermal Energy Storage System Sizing}, booktitle = {IBPSA Building Simulation {\textquoteright}89}, year = {1989}, month = {01/1989}, address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada}, url = {http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1989/BS89_357_362.pdf}, author = {Dominique Dumortier and Ron C. Kammerud and Birdsall, Bruce E. and Brandt Andersson and Joseph H. Eto and William L. Carroll and Frederick C. Winkelmann} } @article {55646, title = {Saving Electricity in Commercial Buildings with Adjustable-Speed Drives}, journal = {IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications}, volume = {24}, year = {1988}, month = {05/1988}, publisher = {IEEE}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Fan and chiller energy savings achievable in commercial buildings with adjustable-speed drives are described. The savings are estimated with the aid of parametric simulations from a sophisticated, hourly building energy simulation model. Two prototypes-a single-zone retail store and a multizone medium office building-are simulated for five U.S. locations. The model incorporates part-load performance curves for both inlet vane and adjustable-speed drive controls for fans and centrifugal chillers. The results identify economic conditions that justify the added expense of adjustable-speed drives.

}, doi = {10.1109/28.2893}, author = {Joseph H. Eto and Anibal T De Almeida} } @article {352, title = {Performance of Roofpond Cooled Residences in U.S. Climate}, journal = {Passive Solar Journal}, volume = {4}, year = {1987}, month = {01/1987}, pages = {265-292}, chapter = {265}, abstract = {

The thermal advantages of a roofpond as an element of a residential cooling system are described. The authors conducted heat transfer experiments at two roofpond residences (RPRs) at Trinity University; the authors used data from these experiments to validate RPR simulations. Results of measurements of vertical and horizontal temperature differences within roofponds are discussed. Horizontal heat transfer within one water bag was effective. Thermal resistance at the outer surface of a water bag with a deflated glazing can be significant. Simulation shows that an RPR can provide comfort without supplemental sensible cooling during almost all hours of a typical summer in any U.S climate. Ceiling fans are important in most climates. In the most demanding climates, the residence and the pond insulating panels must have high R-value. A map is included that provides RPR design guidance. The simulations indicate that dehumidification will be required to control mold, mildew, and ceiling condensation in an RPR in most climates; energy and power displacement by an RPR is sensitive to the humidity control required and the efficiency of the dehumidifier used.

}, author = {Gene Clark and Fred M. Loxsom and Earl S. Doderer and Philip Haves} } @proceedings {351, title = {The Use of Dynamic Simulation Models to Evaluate Algorithms for Building Energy Control: Experience with HVACSIM+}, journal = {International Congress on Building Energy Management}, volume = {8}, year = {1987}, month = {09/1987}, address = {Lausanne, Switzerland}, author = {Arthur L. Dexter and Mahroo M. Eftekhari and Philip Haves and F{\'a}bio Gon{\c c}alves Jota} } @proceedings {357, title = {Results of Validated Simulations of Roof Pond Residences}, journal = {8th National Passive Solar Conference}, year = {1983}, address = {Santa Fe, NM}, author = {Gene Clark and Fred M. Loxsom and Philip Haves and Earl S. Doderer} } @proceedings {359, title = {Dehumidification and Passive Cooling for Retrofit and Conventional Construction}, journal = {7th National Passive Solar Conference}, year = {1982}, month = {07/1982}, address = {Knoxville, TN}, author = {Philip Haves and Fred M. Loxsom and Earl S. Doderer} }